A 5GHz 370fs<inf>rms</inf> 6.5mW clock multiplier using a crystal-oscillator frequency quadrupler in 65nm CMOS

Abstract

Phase noise performance of ring-oscillator-based (RO-based) clock multipliers is typically limited by oscillator noise. The most power-efficient method for improving the phase noise of such clock multipliers is by increasing the oscillator noise suppression bandwidth (F <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">BW</inf> ). While F <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">BW</inf> depends on the type of clock multiplier, the maximum achievable F <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">BW</inf> is limited by the reference frequency (F <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">ref</inf> ). For instance, in phase-locked loops (PLLs) F <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">BW</inf> = F <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">ref</inf> /10, while multiplying delay-locked loops (MDLLs) [1] and injection-locked clock multipliers (ILCMs) [2] can achieve F <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">BW</inf> of F <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">ref</inf> /4 and F <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">ref</inf> /6, respectively. Exploiting this behavior, the MDLL in [1] and the ILCM in [2] achieved excellent performance at the expense of using a high-frequency low-noise reference (REF) clock and a small multiplication factor (N < 10). One promising way to reduce F <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">ref</inf> in MDLLs/ILCMs involves increasing the injection rate by using both the positive and negative edges of the REF clock [3, 4] but at the cost of making jitter/spurious performance susceptible to duty cycle errors in the REF clock. While [3] demonstrated an effective means to correct such errors, it still needed a relatively high F <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">ref</inf> of 125MHz. In view of this, we present a method to quadruple the frequency of a conventional 54MHz Pierce XO and demonstrate its application using an RO-based ILCM achieving less than 370fs <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">rms</inf> integrated jitter at a 5GHz output. The proposed quadrupler acts as a low noise XO frequency multiplier and can be used to increase the bandwidth of MDLLs and ring/LC-based integer-or fractional-N PLLs also.