Choline Diet and Its Gut Microbe–Derived Metabolite, Trimethylamine N-Oxide, Exacerbate Pressure Overload–Induced Heart Failure

Abstract

Heart failure severity is significantly enhanced in mice fed diets supplemented with either choline or the gut microbe-dependent metabolite TMAO. The present results suggest that additional studies are warranted examining whether gut microbiota and the dietary choline → TMAO pathway contribute to increased heart failure susceptibility.