Seasonal variation in dietary intake of the adult population of dikgale

Abstract

Objectives. To investigate the dietary intake of an adult population in a rural area of the Northern Province and to determine whether dietary intake is influenced by seasonal change. Design. Cross-sectional survey. Methods. A random sample (N = 210) of adults aged 20 years and older, were interviewed in Dikgale in their homes during the winter (June) of 1997 and the summer (February) of 1998. The repeated 24-hour recall method was used to obtain dietary information from the participants (four interviews per person). Results. With the exception of protein, iron, phosphorus and vitamin B 12 , mean intakes of the subjects were lower than the recommended daily allowances (RDAs). Intakes of energy, calcium, zinc, vitamin B 6 , folic acid, vitamin A and vitamin C were particularly low. Women had higher mean intakes of most nutrients in summer, whereas there was little difference between the seasons for men. The most commonly consumed foods were maize, brown bread, sugar, morogo and chicken. Tea, sorghum beer and colddrink were the most popular beverages. The dietary intake of the Dikgale adults reflects the typical rural African diet which conforms more closely with the prudent diet than that of the typical Western diet. The diet was found to be high in carbohydrate and fibre and low in fat and cholesterol. Unfortunately the low energy and low micronutrient intakes place the Dikgale adults at risk of nutritional deficiencies. Conclusions. Women had significantly higher intakes (P < 0.05) of energy, protein, fat, fibre, zinc and B vitamins in summer. Men only had a significantly higher intake of thiamin in summer. Mean intakes of energy and most nutrients were inadequate in both males and females.