Malnutrition In Aging

Abstract

Malnutrition is a common, potentially serious, and frequently under-diagnosed condition among elderly individuals. Age-related physiologic changes in combination with organic and psychological disease processes contribute to the development of malnutrition in older adults. Profound malnutrition and serious illnesses often present concurrently, and each can accelerate the progression of the other. The importance of early detection and aggressive intervention is of utmost importance to arrest the downward spiral. Prompt diagnosis relies on a high index of suspicion and available screening tools. Once diagnosed, the underlying causes must be ascertained and treatment rapidly instituted. This article reviews the prevalence and effects of malnutrition in the elderly. Changes in food intake and body composition with aging are addressed, and the physiologic and pathologic causes of anorexia and weight loss in the elderly population are explored. The most commonly used screening tools for malnutrition in the elderly are discussed, along with non-pharmacologic and pharmacologic measures for treatment. Protein energy malnutrition (PEM) is a common, potentially serious, and frequently under-diagnosed condition among elderly individuals. Physiologic changes of aging interact with disease processes to place the elderly at increased risk for malnutrition. Diagnosis of malnutrition is based on history taking, physical examinations and lab evaluation, and may be aided by nutritional screening tools. Nutritional therapy is an important component in the management of malnourished individuals and when indicated, should not be delayed.