Genetic Profiling and Comparison of Human and Animal Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) Isolates from Serbia

Abstract

The aim of this study was to characterize a collection of methicillin-resistant <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> (MRSA) isolates of human and animal origin from Serbia. In total, 36 MRSA isolates-30 obtained from humans and six from companion animals-were investigated by PCR for the presence of antibiotic and biocide resistance determinants and virulence genes (PVL-Panton⁻Valentine leukocidin, ETs-exfoliative toxins, TSST-toxic shock syndrome toxin, SEs-staphylococcal enterotoxins, and MSCRAMMs-microbial surface components recognizing adhesive matrix molecules and biofilm). Isolates were analyzed by staphylococcal cassette chromosome <i>mec</i> (SCC<i>mec</i>), <i>spa</i>, and <i>dru</i> typing, as well as by multiple locus variable number of tandem repeat analyses (MLVA), multilocus sequence typing (MLST), and subsequently, eBURST. The majority of human MRSA isolates were resistant to gentamicin, erythromycin, clindamycin, and ciprofloxacin. Different antibiotic resistance genes were detected: <i>aac-aphD</i>, <i>ant(6')-Ia</i>, <i>erm</i>(A), <i>erm</i>(B), <i>erm</i>(C), <i>tet</i>(K), <i>tet</i>(M), <i>fexA</i>, and <i>cat</i>_pC221. All isolates were susceptible to teicoplanin and linezolid. SCC<i>mec</i> type III was prevalent in human isolates, while SCC<i>mec</i> elements in animals were mostly nontypeable. t037 was the predominant <i>spa</i> type in human and t242 in animal MRSA isolates. The prevalent <i>dru</i> type was dt11c in human and dt10a in animal MRSA isolates. MRSA isolates exhibited 27 different MLVA types. ST239 was predominant in human, while ST5 was prevalent in canine MRSA isolates. PVL was found in two, while <i>tsst-1</i> was detected in three human isolates. Human-associated clones belonging to ST5, ST45, and ST239 MRSA clones were discovered in companion animals, which suggests anthropozoonotic transmission.