A 32/16 Gb/s 4/2-PAM transmitter with PWM pre-Emphasis and 1.2 Vpp per side output swing in 0.13-μm CMOS

Abstract

A dual-mode 4/2-PAM transmitter is described that extends pulse-width modulated pre-emphasis to data rates of 16 Gb/s and 32 Gb/s in 2-PAM and 4-PAM modes respectively. Implemented in a 0.13-mum CMOS process to accommodate the wide output swing of 1.2 Vpp per side, the transmitter compensates for 30 dB and 9 dB of loss at one-half the symbol rate in 2-PAM and 4-PAM modes respectively.