Clinical Infectious Diseases · 2009 · 103 citations · 5 references
Veterinary MedicineInfectious Disease ControlInfectious DiseasesFood SafetyFoodborne Disease EpidemiologyOutbreak InvestigationFoodborne Disease SurveillanceFoodborne InfectionsFoodborne Outbreak InvestigationFoodborne PathogensInfectious Disease SurveillanceMicrobial ContaminationFoodborne Bacterial Disease EpidemiologyFoodborne Illness EpidemiologyFoodborne Pathogen SurveillanceInfection Risk FactorsOutbreak DescriptionSalmonella InfectionsSalmonellosis SurveillanceTransmission Risk Factors
BACKGROUND: Infection due to Salmonella species causes an estimated 1.4 million illnesses and 400 deaths annually in the United States. Orange juice is a known vehicle of salmonellosis, for which regulatory controls have recently been implemented. We investigated a nationwide outbreak of Salmonella infection to determine the magnitude of the outbreak and to identify risk factors for infection. METHODS: We identified cases through national laboratory-based surveillance. In a case-control study, we defined a case as infection with Salmonella serotype Typhimurium that demonstrated the outbreak pulsed-field gel electrophoresis pattern in a person with illness onset from 1 May through 31 July 2005; control subjects were identified through random digit dialing. RESULTS: We identified 152 cases in 23 states. Detailed information was available for 95 cases. The median age of patients was 23 years; 46 (48%) of the 95 patients were female. For 38 patients and 53 age-group matched control subjects in 5 states, illness was associated with consuming orange juice (90% vs. 43%; odds ratio, 22.2; 95% confidence interval, 3.5-927.5). In a conditional logistic regression model, illness was associated with consuming unpasteurized orange juice from company X (53% vs. 0%; odds ratio, 38.0; 95% confidence interval, 6.5-infinity). The US Food and Drug Administration found that company X was noncompliant with the juice Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point regulation and isolated Salmonella serotype Saintpaul from company X's orange juice. CONCLUSIONS: Unpasteurized orange juice from company X was the vehicle of a widespread outbreak of salmonellosis. Although the route of contamination is unknown, noncompliance with the juice Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point regulation likely contributed to this outbreak. Pasteurization or other reliable treatment of orange juice could prevent similar outbreaks.
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Andrew C. Voetsch, Thomas J. Van Gilder, Frederick J. Angulo et al. · Clinical Infectious Diseases · 2004 · 636 citations
Veterinary Medicine, Infectious Disease Control, Infectious Diseases +17