Medication risk factors associated with healthcare-associated Clostridium difficile infection: a multilevel model case-control study among 64 US academic medical centres

Abstract

We found several medications that were associated with the risk of patients developing HA-CDI, including β-lactam/β-lactamase inhibitor combinations, third- or fourth-generation cephalosporins, carbapenems, vancomycin, proton pump inhibitors and anti-methicillin-resistant S. aureus agents. There were no medication effects significant at the hospital level.