A Foodborne Disease Outbreak Due to the Consumption of Moldy Sorghum and Maize Containing Fumonisin Mycotoxins

TLDR

Unseasonal rains in 1995 damaged maize and sorghum crops in villages on the Deccan plateau, India. The authors performed a rapid epidemiological survey and detailed house‑to‑house surveys in affected villages. The outbreak affected 27 of 50 villages, was limited to households eating rain‑damaged moldy sorghum or maize, was self‑limiting, reproduced in day‑old cockerels, and was linked to Fusarium‑produced fumonisin B1 at high levels in affected grains versus low levels in unaffected ones, indicating that high water activity promoted fumonisin production and caused the disease.

Abstract

Background: Unseasonal rains beginning in 1995 damaged the maize and sorghum crops harvested in a few villages of the Deccan plateau in India. Human consumption of those grains resulted in a foodborne disease outbreak characterized by abdominal pain, borborygmi and diarrhea. Methods: A rapid epidemiological survey was conducted in the affected villages and a detailed house to house survey in selected villages. Results: People in 27 out of 50 villages surveyed were affected and disease was seen only in households and subjects consuming the rain damaged moldy sorghum or maize. The disease was self limiting. Diarrhea was reproduced in day old cockerels fed contaminated grains from affected households. All 20 sorghum and 12 maize samples collected from affected households had Fusarium sp. as the dominant mycoflora and contained fumonisin B1 in the range of 0.14–7.8 mg/kg and 0.25–64.7 mg/kg, respectively. In contrast, samples collected from unaffected households had fumonisin B1 in low level ranging from 0.07–0.36 mg/kg and 0.05–0.24 mg/kg, respectively. Conclusion: The higher water activity in the grains left in the field following harvest led to the production of high levels of fumonisin B1 an consumption of such grains by humans resulted in the disease