Psychology of Women Quarterly · 1999 · 74 citations · 44 references
Social SciencesHigher EducationFeminist TheoryWomen's StudiesWorkforce PlanningCareer AdvancementDiversityGender DiscriminationWomen In Higher EducationWomen In ScienceCompetitive ClimateDoctoral DegreesGender In Higher EducationThematic CodingWomen In Doctoral EducationWomen Scientists' Career TrajectoriesWomen’s Academic Career PathwaysWomen’s Career Development
Although increasing the numbers of women and minority faculty in academia is a widely held goal, their numbers remain small. The presence of women and minorities decreases disproportionately at each ascending rung of the academic ladder. This investigation identified factors potentially contributing to attrition in White and non-White women at a critical stage in their careers: as doctoral candidates and recent graduates. Two-hundred and twenty-four women in the life sciences, social sciences, and the humanities described their most pressing professional and personal concerns and offered suggestions for changes in their fields and in academia more generally. Independent raters coded responses by thematic content. Differences in responses by field, educational status, and minority status were examined. The most frequently cited concerns involved practical issues such as finding employment, financial stability, and developing professional expertise, revealing widespread concerns about a competitive academic climate. Suggestions included modifications in professional conduct, the employment and pay structure, and training.
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The Paradox of Critical Mass for Women in Science
Henry Etzkowitz, Carol Kemelgor, Michael Neuschatz et al. · Science · 1994 · 299 citations