Gremlin 1, Frizzled‐related protein, and Dkk‐1 are key regulators of human articular cartilage homeostasis

Abstract

Taken together, our study identified Gremlin 1, FRP, and Dkk-1 as natural brakes on hypertrophic differentiation in articular cartilage. As hypertrophic differentiation of articular cartilage may contribute to the development of OA, our findings may open new avenues for therapeutic intervention.