Dehydrogenation and the surface phase transition on diamond (111): Kinetics and electronic structure

Abstract

The $(1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1)$ to $(2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1)$ surface phase transition of the hydrogen-covered diamond (111) surface is investigated by core level spectroscopy, low-energy electron diffraction, and measurements of the electron affinity. The latter method is shown to be a reliable measure of the hydrogen coverage. Prolonged annealing of the surface at 1000 K converts the hydrogen-terminated $(1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1)$ structure with an electron affinity of -1.27 eV to a hydrogen-free $(2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1)$ reconstruction, increases the separation of valence-band maximum from the Fermi level ${E}_{F}$ from 0.68 to 0.88 eV, and results in a positive electron affinity of +0.38 eV. Annealing the surface at high temperature (up to 1400 K) yields the same $(2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1)$ surface structure albeit with an increase in the separation of the valence-band maximum from ${E}_{F}$ to 1.42 eV and a positive electron affinity of 0.8 eV which is associated with a partial surface graphitization. An analysis of the kinetics of the thermally induced hydrogen desorption yields an activation energy of $1.25\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.2\mathrm{eV}.$ It was found that hydrogen desorption and reconstruction are surface phase transitions which are not directly linked. Instead, an intermediate phase with a high concentration of dangling bonds (up to 70%) is observed. The $(1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1)$ to $(2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1)$ phase transition is phenomenologically well described by a first-order transition provided a critical density of dangling bonds of about 70% is included in the analysis in such a way that the rate constant for reconstruction vanishes below that value.