Understanding Chemical Sensors and Chemical Sensor Arrays (Electronic Noses): Past, Present, and Future

Abstract

The use of sensor arrays, embodied in electronic noses, to characterize complex samples is an active and dynamic expression of research in chemical sensors. In this review, we emphasize sensors, instrumentation, and applications aspects of electronic nose technology. In addition, we have added to the existing historical description of electronic nose development, projected likely directions into the future, and evaluated research needs that are a prerequisite to eventual success of electronic nose technology.