Epistasis correlates to genomic complexity

TLDR

Epistasis, the systematic interaction of genes, remains a challenging topic in evolutionary biology and is thought to contribute significantly to variation in complex traits and influence the evolution of genetic systems such as sex, diploidy, dominance, and genome integrity. The study proposes that antagonistic epistasis characterizes compact genomes with few nonpleiotropic functions, while synergistic epistasis emerges in complex genomes due to mutational robustness. The authors quantified per‑generation epistasis across diverse organisms using a common scale. RNA viruses exhibit antagonistic epistasis, bacteria show largely independent effects, and multicellular eukaryotes display a shift toward synergistic epistasis.

Abstract

Whether systematic genetic interactions (epistasis) occur at the genomic scale remains a challenging topic in evolutionary biology. Epistasis should make a significant contribution to variation in complex traits and influence the evolution of genetic systems as sex, diploidy, dominance, or the contamination of genomes with deleterious mutations. We have collected data from widely different organisms and quantified epistasis in a common, per-generation scale. Simpler genomes, such as those of RNA viruses, display antagonistic epistasis (mutations have smaller effects together than expected); bacterial microorganisms do not apparently deviate from independent effects, whereas in multicellular eukaryotes, a transition toward synergistic epistasis occurs (mutations have larger effects together than expected). We propose that antagonistic epistasis might be a property of compact genomes with few nonpleiotropic biological functions, whereas in complex genomes, synergism might emerge from mutational robustness.