• Immunological compatibility, tolerance, and graft rejection were explored across irradiation-enabled models, contrasting homologous vs heterologous marrow, and assessing donor–host immune interactions and antibody responses [3], [7], [13], [16], [17].

• Bone marrow transplantation served as a central strategy for hematopoietic recovery and enabling broader transplantation studies, including autologous/allo-marrow approaches to postirradiation restoration in humans and animals [5], [9].

• Tumor and heterologous transplant models used human tumors in conditioned or cross‑species hosts to probe immune tolerance, graft acceptance, and transplantation biology beyond conventional organ grafts [6], [12].

• Organ and tissue grafts across species and tissue types reveal patterns of survival and function (liver, heart, thyroid/parathyroid), informing xenotransplantation limits and allograft biology [8], [18], [20].

• Radiation biology framed transplantation domains: X-ray effects on cells, DNA metabolism, and embryology provided essential context for irradiation protocols and interpretation of graft outcomes [10], [14], [15], [19].