Islet transplantation is a therapeutic modality and significant area of biomedical research involving the surgical or percutaneous infusion of isolated pancreatic islets, with the primary objective of restoring endogenous insulin secretion in patients with diabetes, particularly type 1 diabetes mellitus. Research within this domain encompasses the development and optimization of techniques for islet isolation, purification, and delivery, strategies to mitigate immune rejection and enhance graft survival, and the comprehensive evaluation of long-term physiological function and associated complications of transplanted islets. Its academic and clinical significance resides in its potential to achieve insulin independence and optimize glycemic control, thereby ameliorating the debilitating chronic sequelae of diabetes.