Table of Contents
Overview
Definition and Scope
Nanoengineering is a specialized branch of nanotechnology that emphasizes the engineering aspects of manipulating matter at the nanoscale, typically defined as dimensions between 1 and 100 nanometers. The term "nanoengineering" is often used interchangeably with nanotechnology, but it highlights the application of engineering principles to the design and fabrication of nanoscale materials and devices.[3.1] The history of nanoengineering is rooted in the broader narrative of nanotechnology, which has evolved from theoretical concepts to practical applications. The field began to take shape in the 1970s when Norio Taniguchi coined the term "nano-technology" in a 1974 paper discussing ion-sputter machining.[2.1] This foundational work laid the groundwork for subsequent advancements, including the exploration of molecular nanotechnology by Eric Drexler, who introduced the idea of molecular assemblers capable of constructing complex structures at the atomic level in his 1986 book, "Engines of Creation".[5.1] Prior to the formal establishment of nanoengineering, various applications of nanoscale manipulation were already in practice, with historical contributions from figures such as James Clerk Maxwell and Richard Adolf Zsigmondy, who engaged with concepts relevant to the field long before it was officially defined.[4.1] The first dedicated nanoengineering program was initiated at the University of Toronto, reflecting the growing recognition of the importance of engineering in the development of nanotechnology.[3.1]Key Properties of Nanomaterials
Nanomaterials, defined as materials with structures sized between 1 and 100 nanometers, exhibit unique physicochemical properties that distinguish them from their bulk counterparts. These properties include a large surface area to mass ratio, ultra-small size, and high reactivity, which can be leveraged to overcome limitations found in traditional therapeutic and diagnostic agents in fields such as medicine and pharmaceuticals.[15.1] The manipulation of materials at the nanoscale allows for precise control over their structure and composition, enabling the tailoring of materials for specific applications.[12.1] One significant aspect of nanomaterials is their distinctive optical properties. Compared to bulk materials, nanomaterials demonstrate greater scattering, absorption, and luminescence, which can be altered by changing the shape and size of the nanoparticles.[13.1] This unique behavior is attributed to various factors, including surface charge interactions, crystallography, and nanoscale size effects, which influence their magnetic, optical, electrical, mechanical, chemical, and physical properties.[14.1] The application of nanomaterials has revolutionized numerous industries, enhancing product performance and functionality. For instance, in consumer products, the introduction of small amounts of nanomaterials can improve strength, electrical conductivity, and thermal efficiency.[30.1] In cosmetics, nanotechnology contributes to product diversity and increased bioavailability of active compounds, resulting in enhanced appearance and long-lasting benefits.[31.1] Additionally, nanomaterials are utilized in sunscreens, where zinc oxide and titanium dioxide nanoparticles provide effective UV protection while remaining transparent on the skin.[28.1]History
Milestones in Nanotechnology
The history of nanotechnology is characterized by a series of significant milestones that have influenced its evolution and application across various sectors. The term "nanotechnology" was first coined in 1974 by Norio Taniguchi, a Japanese researcher, who focused on the manipulation of materials at the nanometer scale, which is approximately one billionth of a meter.[47.1] Although the term had not yet gained widespread recognition, Taniguchi's pioneering work laid the groundwork for the field, emphasizing the potential of nanoscale manipulation. The development of nanotechnology has been marked by technological breakthroughs and continuous innovation, transforming ideas once deemed far-fetched into powerful tools that are reshaping industries and influencing the future.[47.1] In 1981, the scanning tunneling microscope (STM) was developed by Dr. Gerd Binnig and his colleagues at the IBM Zurich Research Laboratory in Ruschlikon, Switzerland. This groundbreaking instrument is recognized as the first capable of directly obtaining three-dimensional images of solid surfaces with atomic resolution.[47.1] The operation of the STM involves moving a conductive tip along the surface of a sample while continuously adjusting its height to maintain a constant tunneling current. In the constant height mode, the feedback gains are reduced, allowing the tip to maintain a nearly constant height as it traverses the sample surface, thereby producing an image based on the tunneling current.[47.1] The significance of this advancement was further acknowledged when Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1986 for their contributions to the field.[48.1] Additionally, Professor Norio Taniguchi of Tokyo Science University is credited with coining the term 'nanotechnology,' which played a crucial role in stimulating the development of this field as a distinct subject.[48.1] The development of nanotechnology has its roots in several key milestones. In 1959, Richard Feynman delivered a seminal after-dinner talk titled "There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom," where he described the potential of molecular machines capable of building with atomic precision.[2.1] This foundational idea inspired Eric Drexler, who, in 1977, began to originate concepts of molecular nanotechnology at MIT.[2.1] Drexler's work culminated in the publication of his influential book, "Engines of Creation: The Coming Era of Nanotechnology," in 1986, where he independently applied the term "nanotechnology" and proposed the concept of a nanoscale assembler that could construct complex structures, including copies of itself, atom by atom.[49.1] Prior to this, in 1981, Drexler had already published a technical paper on molecular engineering, further establishing the theoretical framework for building with atomic precision.[2.1] Throughout the 1980s and 1990s, advancements continued with the introduction of various nanofabrication techniques and characterization methods, which allowed for the precise design and analysis of nanomaterials. These developments have since transformed industries, leading to innovative applications in electronics, healthcare, and environmental remediation.[60.1]Recent Advancements
Innovations in Medicine
Recent advancements in nanoengineering have significantly impacted the field of medicine, particularly through the development of personalized nanomedicine and innovative drug delivery systems. Nanomedicine, which applies nanotechnology to medical practice, is being integrated into diagnostic and therapeutic tools to manage a variety of medical conditions, thereby enhancing the precision of treatments.[99.1] This integration is further supported by artificial intelligence (AI), which utilizes patient clinical and genetic data to optimize drug dosages and forms, predict outcomes, and guide treatments, ultimately improving patient-centric care.[100.1] The unique properties of nanomaterials, which typically have dimensions ranging from 1 to 100 nanometers, distinguish them from bulk materials that exceed this size. This nanoscale allows for a significantly higher surface area to volume ratio, resulting in enhanced physical, chemical, and mechanical properties that are not present in their bulk counterparts.[106.1] Such properties enable nanomaterials to be utilized effectively in various biomedical applications, including targeted drug delivery systems that can navigate biological barriers and improve therapeutic efficacy.[131.1] Recent innovations in nanoengineering have led to the development of diverse nanomaterials, such as carbon dots, dendrimers, liposomes, and metal-based nanoparticles. These materials are designed to enhance drug delivery and targeting capabilities, thereby improving overall therapeutic outcomes.[130.1] For instance, engineered nanoparticles can be tailored to overcome the heterogeneous barriers present in different patient populations and diseases, marking a shift towards precision medicine.[131.1] Additionally, advancements in the nanoengineering of extracellular vesicles (EVs) are being explored for their potential in drug delivery systems, although challenges remain that necessitate further investigation.[132.1]Breakthroughs in Electronics
Recent advancements in nanoengineering have led to significant breakthroughs in electronics, particularly through the development of novel nanomaterials and innovative synthesis techniques. Metallic nanoparticles and carbon nanotubes have emerged as two of the most promising nanomaterials due to their unique properties, which arise from the spatial confinement of electron-hole pairs. These materials are being extensively researched for their potential applications in various electronic devices, including sensors and transistors.[119.1] The synthesis of nanomaterials has evolved to include a variety of methods that enhance scalability and reproducibility, which are critical for industrial applications. Techniques such as magnetron sputtering and hydrothermal synthesis have been highlighted for their effectiveness in producing nanostructured materials suitable for electrochemical energy storage.[120.1] Additionally, rapid synthesis methods, such as solvent-free laser irradiation, have been developed to facilitate the quick production of nanomaterials, further supporting their integration into electronic systems.[120.1] Nanoparticle synthesis can be categorized into two primary approaches: top-down and bottom-up methods. Top-down methods include techniques like laser ablation and thermal breakdown, while bottom-up methods encompass chemical vapor deposition (CVD), sol-gel processes, and biological synthesis.[122.1] Each of these methods presents unique advantages and challenges, particularly in achieving controlled sizes and morphologies of nanoparticles, which are essential for optimizing their performance in electronic applications.[122.1] The field of nanotechnology has seen significant advancements in the synthesis of nanomaterials, particularly through various promising techniques that enhance energy storage performance and efficiency in applications such as batteries and supercapacitors. These techniques encompass a wide array of methods, providing versatile options for creating nanoparticles from a variety of materials.[123.1] Notable examples of bottom-up synthesis techniques include chemical vapor deposition (CVD), sol-gel processes, spinning, pyrolysis, and biological synthesis.[124.1] As research in this area progresses, these methods are crucial for the continued development and optimization of nanomaterials, which are expected to play a transformative role in various industrial applications.[123.1]In this section:
Applications
Energy Solutions
Nanoengineering plays a pivotal role in advancing energy solutions, particularly in the context of renewable energy technologies. The integration of nanotechnology into the renewable energy landscape promises a greener and more sustainable future, characterized by reduced carbon emissions and enhanced energy security.[145.1] This integration is evident in various applications, including solar energy, wind energy, and energy storage systems. The integration of nanotechnology in renewable energy technologies is poised to play a crucial role in enhancing energy efficiency and sustainability. Specifically, nanomaterials have the potential to improve the effectiveness of solar energy systems, contributing to a cleaner and more sustainable future.[146.1] Additionally, carbon nanotubes have been identified as beneficial in various energy conversion and storage applications, including solar cells, fuel cells, hydrogen storage, and lithium-ion batteries.[166.1] Furthermore, advancements in nanotechnology can also enhance the efficiency of wind energy by utilizing lightweight and strong nanomaterials for rotor blades, thereby optimizing energy generation.[166.1] Overall, the application of nanotechnology across different renewable energy sources signifies a promising direction for achieving greater energy efficiency and sustainability. Wind energy efficiency can also be improved through the use of lightweight and strong nanomaterials in rotor blades, which can enhance performance and durability.[148.1] Furthermore, advanced membrane materials, including nanocomposites and biomimetic designs, are being explored to optimize energy recovery devices and high-efficiency pumping systems.[148.1] The potential of nanoengineering extends to energy storage technologies as well. Innovations such as electrochemical supercapacitors and hydrogen storage systems are being developed using nanomaterials, which offer significant advantages over conventional technologies in terms of performance and efficiency.[166.1] As these nanotechnology-enabled renewable energy technologies mature and become more cost-effective, they hold the promise of replacing traditional fossil fuels, thereby contributing to a more sustainable energy future.[165.1]In this section:
Challenges And Considerations
Safety and Regulatory Issues
An emerging challenge in nanoengineering is the necessity for ethical considerations to be integrated at every stage of research and development. Unlike past scientific practices where ethical and social concerns were often secondary, the unique properties of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) raise significant ethical questions, particularly regarding their containment and regulation.[175.1] The transition of ENMs from laboratory settings to clinical applications presents substantial hurdles, primarily due to the unpredictable behavior of nanoparticles in complex biological systems, which complicates their safety and efficacy assessments.[182.1] The regulatory landscape for engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) and nanomedicines (NMc) is currently facing significant challenges, as existing legal frameworks are often considered inadequate to address the unique risks associated with these materials. Concerns have been raised regarding the potential impacts of ENMs on both the environment and human health, highlighting the need for new regulations that specifically address ENMs as a distinct class of substances.[188.1] The management of nanowaste presents a particularly complex issue, as current regulations may not sufficiently account for the various pathways through which nanowaste can enter the environment, including disposal from consumer products and medical applications.[187.1] Regulatory bodies, such as the United States Food and Drug Administration and the European Commission, are tasked with navigating these challenges while also fostering innovation in the field of nanotechnology.[185.1] As the production and application of ENMs continue to expand, the urgency for comprehensive regulatory frameworks that ensure public health and environmental safety becomes increasingly critical.[188.1] The clinical translation of nanomedicines is characterized by high costs and a complex development process, which can significantly hinder innovation in this field.[184.1] The primary intent behind the use of nanomedicines is to explore nanoscale components that provide unique technological or performance benefits that are unattainable with larger components.[184.1] As the production and applications of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) expand, there are growing concerns regarding their potential impacts on human health and the environment.[188.1] Despite these concerns, regulations governing products containing ENMs remain limited, even in leading countries such as the United States and China.[188.1] The traditional regulatory model is primarily responsive, implementing regulations only after threats arise post-market, which highlights the need for a balanced approach that protects human and environmental safety while also supporting the commercialization of emerging technologies.[186.1] Therefore, it is crucial to establish a robust regulatory framework that addresses these challenges effectively.Ethical Implications
The ethical implications of nanoengineering encompass a broad spectrum of considerations essential for fostering responsible innovation. Central to these considerations is the establishment of a comprehensive ethical framework that addresses moral and intellectual challenges in the workplace, which is crucial for anticipating potential impacts and managing associated risks. Unlike previous practices where ethical concerns were often secondary, integrating ethical reflection is now recognized as vital throughout all stages of nanotechnology research and development.[213.1] A pressing ethical issue is the adequacy of current legal frameworks in safeguarding public health and the environment from the risks associated with engineered nanomaterials (ENMs). Proponents of new regulations argue that ENMs, due to their unique properties, require distinct oversight to address their specific risks, particularly concerning nanowaste, which current legal structures may not adequately manage.[196.1] This highlights the need for a regulatory approach that considers the unique pathways through which nanowaste can affect the environment.[196.1] The National Nanotechnology Initiative (NNI) underscores the importance of transparency and responsiveness to the needs of diverse stakeholders, including consumers, engineers, and ethicists. By fostering a community focused on ethical, legal, and societal issues (ELSI) related to nanotechnology, the NNI aims to build public trust and ensure the sustainable future of innovation in this field.[197.1] In the realm of nanomedical technology, ethical considerations include harm exposure, consent, privacy, access to products, and the precautionary principle. These issues necessitate the development of ethical guidelines to evaluate the safety of nanotechnology and ensure that its benefits do not compromise human health.[198.1] Furthermore, ethical considerations extend to workplace safety, where workers may be exposed to nanomaterials. Key ethical issues include hazard identification and communication, risk acceptance, and the implementation of safety controls. Despite efforts to address these concerns, the potential for exposure remains a significant ethical challenge.[210.1][210.1]In this section:
Future Trends
Emerging Technologies
Emerging technologies in nanoengineering are set to make a significant impact across various sectors, driven by advancements in nanotechnology that facilitate discoveries in materials science, medicine, energy, and environmental sustainability. In 2023, the global nanotechnology market is projected to exceed US$ 125 billion by 2024, indicating a robust commercialization potential for research outcomes in this field.[7.1] The commercialization of these research outcomes not only holds substantial promise for societal benefits through diverse applications but also presents profitable opportunities, thereby attracting considerable interest in nanotechnology.[8.1] One notable area of advancement is the development of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs), which are intentionally synthesized materials with dimensions less than 100 nm. These materials have numerous potential applications, particularly in environmental contexts such as pollution remediation and water treatment.[221.1] Furthermore, nanotechnology is enhancing the efficiency of photovoltaic cells through the integration of nanostructured materials, which improve light absorption and electron mobility, thereby advancing renewable energy technologies.[9.1] In the healthcare sector, nanotechnology is expected to revolutionize diagnostics and treatment methods. For instance, the use of graphene as a sensor material could lead to highly accurate and efficient sensing capabilities, impacting industries such as healthcare and environmental monitoring.[218.1] Additionally, nano agritech is emerging as a significant application, following its potential in medical advancements.[218.1] The integration of nanomaterials into sustainable technologies is also gaining traction. Green nanotechnology (GNT) aims to minimize environmental and health impacts by ensuring that nanomaterials are developed with low toxicity and recyclability in mind.[224.1] This approach supports environmental conservation and aligns with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), which include clean energy and sustainable agriculture.[224.1] Moreover, the role of regulatory frameworks is evolving to keep pace with these rapid advancements. Initiatives such as the precautionary principle in the design phase of materials are being emphasized to ensure health and environmental safety.[225.1] However, the regulatory landscape is challenged by the complexity of nanomaterials and the lack of standardized frameworks globally.[226.1] As nanoengineering continues to advance, the interplay between innovation and regulation will be crucial in ensuring the safe and effective application of these emerging technologies.In this section:
References
[2] A Short History of Nanotechnology - Foresight Institute — A Short History of Nanotechnology 1959 Feynman gives after-dinner talk describing molecular machines building with atomic precision. 1974 Taniguchi uses term "nano-technology" in paper on ion-sputter machining. 1977 Drexler originates molecular nanotechnology concepts at MIT. 1981 First technical paper on molecular engineering to build with atomic precision
[3] Nanoengineering - Wikipedia — Part of a series of articles onNanotechnologyHistoryOrganizationsPopular cultureOutlineImpact and applicationsNanomedicineNanotoxicologyGreen nanotechnologyHazardsRegulationNanomaterialsFullerenesCarbon nanotubesNanoparticlesMolecular self-assemblySelf-assembled monolayerSupramolecular assemblyDNA nanotechnologyNanoelectronicsMolecular scale electronicsMolecular logic gateNanolithographyMoore's lawSemiconductor device fabricationSemiconductor scale examplesNanometrologyAtomic force microscopyScanning tunneling microscopeElectron microscopeSuper-resolution microscopyNanotribologyMolecular nanotechnologyMolecular assemblerNanoroboticsMechanosynthesisMolecular engineering Science portal Technology portal.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}vte Nanoengineering is largely a synonym for nanotechnology, but emphasizes the engineering rather than the pure science aspects of the field. The first nanoengineering program was started at the University of Toronto within the Engineering Science program as one of the options of study in the final years. Engineering Engineer Engineering
[4] History of Nanotechnology - TryNano — History of Nanotechnology As is the case with many other disciplines, applications of nanotechnology (for example, in making steel and creating paintings) were in use centuries before the field was formally defined. Early contributors to the field include James Clark Maxwell (Scottish physicist and mathematician, 1831-1879) and Richard Adolf Zsigmondy (Austrian-German chemist, 1865-1929
[5] History of nanotechnology - Wikipedia — In 1980, Drexler encountered Feynman's provocative 1959 talk "There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom" while preparing his initial scientific paper on the subject, “Molecular Engineering: An approach to the development of general capabilities for molecular manipulation,” published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences in 1981. The term "nanotechnology" (which paralleled Taniguchi's "nano-technology") was independently applied by Drexler in his 1986 book Engines of Creation: The Coming Era of Nanotechnology, which proposed the idea of a nanoscale "assembler" which would be able to build a copy of itself and of other items of arbitrary complexity. ^ a b c "Nanotechnology: Drexler and Smalley make the case for and against 'molecular assemblers'".
[7] NNI Year in Review 2023 - National Nanotechnology Initiative — In 2023, nanotechnology enabled discoveries and advances in many scientific and engineering areas, including materials science, medicine, energy, and the environment. Throughout the year, the National Nanotechnology Coordination Office posted about these advances on the NNI LinkedIn page, and its followers engaged with this content or reposted it.
[8] Nanotechnology from lab to industry - a look at current trends — 2. Nanotechnology developments The booming global nanotechnology market is projected to exceed US$ 125 billion by 2024. 8 The commercialization of research outcomes resulting from the synthesis and application of nanotechnology therefore not only bears significant potential for benefit to society through their various applications but is profitable. As a result, nanotechnology is attracting
[9] Future of Nanotechnology: 10 Emerging Trends [2025 & Beyond] — Nanotechnology improves material science by enabling precise manipulation at the nanoscale to enhance functionality across industries. Moreover, developments like nano-coatings provide enhanced durability, self-healing properties, and antimicrobial features As nanotechnology grows, the future of nanotechnology enhances manufacturing, sustainability, and medical treatments for enhancing efficiency, performance, and innovation across sectors. StartUs Insights provides data through its comprehensive Discovery Platform, which covers 4.7+ million startups, scaleups, and tech companies globally, as well as 20K+ emerging technologies & trends. Photovoltaic Cells: In photovoltaic cells, semiconductor nanodevices enhance the efficiency of solar energy conversion through the integration of nanostructured materials that improve light absorption and electron mobility. Startups to Watch emerging technology top tech startups innovation scouting Sustainability new companies open innovation startup scouting Artificial Intelligence Renewables edge computing Advanced Robotics Technology Trends
[12] Nanomaterials vs. Bulk Materials: What's the Difference? — Nanomaterials are materials with structures under 100 nm, exhibiting unique properties, while bulk materials have larger, macroscopic structures with conventional properties. ... allowing precise control over their structure and composition at the nanoscale. This control enables the tailoring of materials for specific applications, such as
[13] 8 Unique Properties of Nanomaterials - Chemistry Notes — 8. Optical properties of nanomaterials: When compared to bulk materials, nanomaterials exhibit distinctive optical characteristics such as greater scattering, absorption, and luminescence. The shape and size of nanoparticles can be altered to change their optical properties. Such unique optical properties can be explained by considering Quantum
[14] Nanomaterials: An overview of synthesis, classification ... — The properties of nanometer-scale materials differ significantly from those of atoms and bulk materials because of the surface charge/interaction, crystallography, composition, surface area, and nanoscale size effects that can be seen in the magnetic, optical, electrical, mechanical, chemical, and physical properties of nanomaterials.
[15] Nanomaterials in medicine and pharmaceuticals: nanoscale materials ... — Nanomaterials have unique physicochemical properties, such as large surface area to mass ratio, ultra small size and high reactivity, which are different from bulk materials with the same composition. These properties can be used to overcome some limitations found in traditional therapeutic and diagnostic agents. The application of nanomaterials in medicine and pharmaceuticals is increasing
[28] 6 Consumer Products that Use Nanomaterials and their Benefits — Nanomaterials have become an integral part of many everyday products, offering unique benefits. One common example is in sunscreens, where zinc oxide and titanium dioxide nanoparticles are used. These nanoparticles provide excellent UV protection while remaining transparent on the skin.
[30] Nanotechnology and Consumer Products - Opportunities for Nanotechnology ... — Nanomaterials have been in consumer products for years and are finding their way into many more. Manufacturers derive huge benefits by introducing small amounts of nanomaterials into their products. Introducing nanomaterials can enhance existing properties, for example making them stronger, more electrically conductive or thermally efficient.
[31] Current Trends on Unique Features and Role of Nanomaterials in ... - MDPI — Cosmetics made using nanotechnology have the advantages of product diversity, increased bioavailability of active compounds, and enhanced pleasing appearance of cosmetics with long-lasting benefits. The various cosmetic brands' utilization of various types of nanomaterials in their products is highlighted in this review.
[47] The Evolutionary Timeline of Nanotechnology — This post takes a deep dive into the evolutionary timeline of nanotechnology, tracing its development from the groundbreaking ideas of pioneers like Norio Taniguchi to the cutting-edge tools that have made nanoscale manipulation possible. The history of nanotechnology begins in 1974 with a Japanese researcher named Norio Taniguchi, who is often credited with coining the term “nanotechnology.” While the word itself had yet to gain widespread use, Taniguchi’s work was groundbreaking in its focus on the manipulation of materials at the nanometer scale — roughly one billionth of a meter. The history of nanotechnology is a story of ideas that were once considered far-fetched, but which, through technological breakthroughs and relentless innovation, have become powerful tools that are transforming industries and shaping the future.
[48] From Faraday to nanotubes - timeline — Science Learning Hub — Professor Norio Taniguchi, of Tokyo Science University, invented the term 'nanotechnology'. His techniques and vision helped stimulate the development of nanotechnology as a subject. 1981 - Scanning tunnelling microscope invented. Gerd Binning and Heinrich Rohrer were awarded the 1986 Nobel Prize in Physics for their work.
[49] History of nanotechnology - Wikipedia — In 1980, Drexler encountered Feynman's provocative 1959 talk "There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom" while preparing his initial scientific paper on the subject, “Molecular Engineering: An approach to the development of general capabilities for molecular manipulation,” published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences in 1981. The term "nanotechnology" (which paralleled Taniguchi's "nano-technology") was independently applied by Drexler in his 1986 book Engines of Creation: The Coming Era of Nanotechnology, which proposed the idea of a nanoscale "assembler" which would be able to build a copy of itself and of other items of arbitrary complexity. ^ a b c "Nanotechnology: Drexler and Smalley make the case for and against 'molecular assemblers'".
[60] PDF — By following this methodology, researchers in nanotechnology can design, fabricate, and characterize nanomaterials and nanodevices with tailored properties for a wide range of applications, spanning electronics, healthcare, energy, environmental remediation, and beyond. Characterization techniques provide valuable insights into the size, morphology, composition, surface properties, and crystalline structure of nanomaterials, enabling researchers to understand their behavior and tailor their properties for specific applications. By employing a combination of morphological analysis, structural analysis, chemical Md Siddique I Journal of Scientific and Engineering Research, 2024, 11(4):186-196 Journal of Scientific and Engineering Research 192 composition analysis, surface area and porosity analysis, and optical and spectroscopic characterization, researchers can gain a comprehensive understanding of nanomaterials and design tailor-made materials for diverse applications in electronics, catalysis, biomedical devices, environmental remediation, and beyond .
[99] The Promise of Nanotechnology in Personalized Medicine - MDPI — Both personalized medicine and nanomedicine are new to medical practice. Nanomedicine is an application of the advances of nanotechnology in medicine and is being integrated into diagnostic and therapeutic tools to manage an array of medical conditions. On the other hand, personalized medicine, which is also referred to as precision medicine, is a novel concept that aims to individualize
[100] Artificial intelligence for personalized nanomedicine; from material ... — Artificial intelligence for personalized nanomedicine; from material selection to patient outcomes - PubMed Search: Search Artificial intelligence for personalized nanomedicine; from material selection to patient outcomes Artificial intelligence for personalized nanomedicine; from material selection to patient outcomes AI leverages patient clinical and genetic data to predict outcomes, guide treatments, and optimize drug dosages and forms, enhancing benefits while minimizing side effects. Areas covered: Personalized Nanomedicine, Material Discovery, AI-Driven Therapeutics, Data Integration, Drug Delivery, Patient Centric Care. Expert opinion: Today, AI can improve personalized health wellness through the discovery of new types of drug nanocarriers, nanomedicine of specific properties to tackle targeted medical needs, and an increment in efficacy along with safety. Keywords: AI-Driven therapeutics; Personalized nanomedicine; data integration; drug delivery; material discovery; patient Centric Care.
[106] How Nanomaterials Differ from Bulk Materials | Materials Science - LinkedIn — Due to their tiny size, nanomaterials often exhibit different physical, chemical, and mechanical properties than their bulk counterparts, which are materials that have dimensions larger than 100 nm.
[119] Emerging synthesis and characterization techniques for hybrid polymer ... — Metallic nanoparticles and carbon nanotubes are two of the most promising nanomaterials, due to their distinctive properties occurring from spatial confinement of electron-hole pairs. ... Emerging synthesis and characterization techniques for hybrid polymer nanocomposites Nanotechnology. 2023 Oct 17;35(1). doi: 10.1088/1361-6528/acfef8.
[120] Synthesis Techniques for Novel Nanomaterials | SpringerLink — Wang F et al (2020) Magnetron sputtering enabled synthesis of nanostructured materials for electrochemical energy storage. Mekuye B (2023) Nanomaterials: an overview of synthesis, classification, characterization, and applications, vol 4, pp 486–501. Hussain M et al (2024) Hydrothermal synthesis of Nd-doped FeTiO3 perovskite electrode for enhanced energy storage applications. Devina W et al (2023) Rapid synthesis of nanomaterials by solvent-free laser irradiation for energy storage and conversion. Bokov D et al (2021) Nanomaterial by sol-gel method: synthesis and application. Zhang Y et al (2015) Room temperature synthesis of cobalt-manganese-nickel oxalates micropolyhedrons for high-performance flexible electrochemical energy storage device, vol 5, no 8536, pp 1–6. Abuzeid et al (2023) Green synthesis of nanoparticles and their energy storage, environmental, and biomedical applications.
[122] A review of nanoparticle synthesis methods, classifications ... — Abstract Nanoparticles, at the convergence of science and technology, have rapidly evolved and continue to revolutionize numerous fields. Herein, we provide a comprehensive review of nanoparticles, synthesis methods, characterization techniques, and their multifaceted applications. Despite these evolving prospects, contemporary challenges in synthesizing scalable nanomaterials with controlled sizes and morphologies for modern applications are still the greatest bottleneck since each synthesis method (Fig. Basically, there are two approaches of nanoparticle synthesis, viz., top-down and bottom-up, which are further classified into physical methods as the top-down approach and chemical and green synthesis methods as the bottom-up approach (Fig.
[123] A Concise Review of Nanoparticles Utilized Energy Storage and ... — These techniques are essential for tailoring nanomaterials for improved energy storage performance and efficiency, advancing the development of batteries and supercapacitors. Nanoparticle synthesis encompasses a wide array of methods, offering versatile ways to create nanoparticles from a variety of materials.
[124] Nanomaterials: An overview of synthesis, classification ... — Examples of bottom-up techniques include chemical vapor deposition (CVD), sol-gel, spinning, pyrolysis, and biological synthesis. [ 11 , 12 ] The field of study known as nanoscience is concerned with the characteristics of matter at the nanoscale, with a focus on the special, size-dependent characteristics of solid-state materials.
[130] Nanomedicine and drug delivery: A comprehensive review ... - ScienceDirect — Recent developments include the integration of various nanomaterials such as carbon dots, nanorobots, dendrimers, liposomes, micelles, and metal-based nanoparticles, each offering unique properties that enhance drug delivery, targeting, and overall therapeutic efficacy. The aim of this review is to critically evaluate recent advancements in nanomedicine, particularly focusing on nanomaterial-based drug delivery systems, their biomedical applications, and the challenges associated with their clinical translation. These green nanoparticles offer a more sustainable and biocompatible approach compared to conventional methods, as they minimize the use of toxic chemicals in synthesis and provide additional therapeutic benefits due to the bioactive compounds from the natural sources used in their preparation.Secondly, the review discusses the diverse biomedical applications of nanomedicine in treating various diseases, such as cancer, neurodegenerative disorders like Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases, ophthalmological conditions, and antibiotic resistance.
[131] Engineering precision nanoparticles for drug delivery — Advertisement View all journals Search Log in Explore content About the journal Publish with us Subscribe Sign up for alerts RSS feed nature nature reviews drug discovery review articles article Review Article Published: 04 December 2020 Engineering precision nanoparticles for drug delivery Michael J. Mitchell ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-3628-22441,2,3,4,5, Margaret M. Billingsley1, Rebecca M. Haley ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0001-7322-78291, Marissa E. Wechsler6, Nicholas A. Peppas6,7,8,9,10 & … Robert Langer ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0003-4255-049211 Show authorsNature Reviews Drug Discovery volume 20, pages 101–124 (2021)Cite this article 352k Accesses 4430 Citations 218 Altmetric Metrics details Subjects Biomedical engineering Biotechnology Drug delivery Nanoparticles Abstract In recent years, the development of nanoparticles has expanded into a broad range of clinical applications. Nanoparticles have been developed to overcome the limitations of free therapeutics and navigate biological barriers — systemic, microenvironmental and cellular — that are heterogeneous across patient populations and diseases. As lipid-based, polymeric and inorganic nanoparticles are engineered in increasingly specified ways, they can begin to be optimized for drug delivery in a more personalized manner, entering the era of precision medicine. In this Review, we discuss advanced nanoparticle designs utilized in both non-personalized and precision applications that could be applied to improve precision therapies. We focus on advances in nanoparticle design that overcome heterogeneous barriers to delivery, arguing that intelligent nanoparticle design can improve efficacy in general delivery applications while enabling tailored designs for precision applications, thereby ultimately improving patient outcome overall.
[132] Nanoengineering of extracellular vesicles for drug delivery systems ... — Nanoengineering of extracellular vesicles for drug delivery systems: Current advances and future directions. Author links open overlay panel Ali Afzal a 1, Muhammad ... nonetheless, the advancements in the field of nanoengineering of EVs, there are still certain challenges that need to be addressed, and further in-vivo investigations are
[145] The Applications of Nanotechnology in Renewable Energy - ResearchGate — the integration of nanotechnology into the renewable energy landscape holds the promise of a greener and more sustainable future, with reduced carbon emissions and enhanced energy security. 5.2
[146] PDF — effectiveness of renewable energy technologies. Keywords: Sustainable energy • Nanomaterials • Renewable energy ... change and energy sustainability, the integration of nanotechnology in solar energy promises to play a pivotal role in shaping a cleaner and more sustainable future . Efficient energy storage is crucial for stabilizing the
[148] Applications of nanotechnology in renewable energies—A comprehensive ... — Furthermore, nanotechnology can be used to improve renewable energy sources; for example wind energy efficiency can be improved by using light, more strength nano-materials for rotor blades. The review covered the utilization of energy efficient design, high efficiency pumping, energy recovery devices, advanced membrane materials (nanocomposite, nanotube and biomimetic), innovative technologies and renewable energy resources (solar, wind and geothermal). Guo reviewed the relevant renewable energy technologies such as hydrogen fuel, solar cell, biotechnology based on nanotechnology, and the relevant patents for exploiting the future energy for the friendly environment. reviewed the applications and advantages of carbon nanotubes in energy conversion and storage such as in solar cells, fuel cells, hydrogen storage, lithium ion batteries, electrochemical supercapacitors and in green nano-composite design.
[165] Selected nanotechnologies for renewable energy applications — It is clear that nanotechnology-enabled renewable energy technologies are starting to scale up dramatically. As they become mature and cost effective in the decades to come, renewable energy could eventually replace the traditional, environmentally unfriendly, fossil fuels. Published in 2007 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
[166] Applications of nanotechnology in renewable energies—A comprehensive ... — Furthermore, nanotechnology can be used to improve renewable energy sources; for example wind energy efficiency can be improved by using light, more strength nano-materials for rotor blades. The review covered the utilization of energy efficient design, high efficiency pumping, energy recovery devices, advanced membrane materials (nanocomposite, nanotube and biomimetic), innovative technologies and renewable energy resources (solar, wind and geothermal). Guo reviewed the relevant renewable energy technologies such as hydrogen fuel, solar cell, biotechnology based on nanotechnology, and the relevant patents for exploiting the future energy for the friendly environment. reviewed the applications and advantages of carbon nanotubes in energy conversion and storage such as in solar cells, fuel cells, hydrogen storage, lithium ion batteries, electrochemical supercapacitors and in green nano-composite design.
[175] Risks and ethics of nanotechnology: an overview - ScienceDirect — An emerging challenge is that nanoscience and technology cannot be based on past practices where ethical and social considerations are secondary; rather, research must be accompanied by ethical attention at every stage. Any new scientific or technological advance raises ethical concerns, particularly in relation to containment and regulation.
[182] Translating nanomedicines from the lab to the clinic — Author links open overlay panelInge Herrmann, Zhong Alan Li, Raman Bahal, João Conde The development of organ- and cell-specific selectively targeted delivery technology to minimize off-target effects and improve the safety of RNA-based therapeutics is an area that requires urgent and further research and development. The translation of nanotechnology and biomaterials research into clinical applications, particularly in nanomedicine, remains challenging because of the unpredictable behavior of nanoparticles in complex human systems. Digital technologies, such as artificial intelligence and machine learning, have demonstrated significant potential in expediting the translation of nanomedicine to clinical applications (https://doi.org/10.1038/s41565-024-01673-7). Through the implementation of personalized approaches, advanced preclinical models, artificial intelligence integration, and regulatory reforms, nanomedicine has the potential to transform therapeutic strategies and provide solutions that are more efficacious and tailored to individual patient requirements.
[184] Translating Nanomaterials from Laboratory to Clinic: Barriers Ahead — Generally, the intent of use of nanomedicines aims at exploration of nanoscale components to facilitate exclusive technological or performance benefits, which are not achievable with the use of larger components or sizes [].It is a well-known fact that the process involving the clinical translation of nanomedicines is highly expensive and relatively tedious.
[185] Current regulatory landscape of nanomaterials and nanomedicines: A ... — Overview on the recent regulatory landscape of different regulatory authorities on nanomaterials (NMs) and nanomedicines (NMc). Moreover, the clinical significance, NMc approved or under clinical development, and the current global regulatory landscape of NMs and NMc have been presented. Therefore, this review briefly addresses the significant posing challenges in the regulation of NMs and NMc. The current global scenario of the regulatory framework of NMc with substantial emphasis on Europe, the USA, UK, Australia, Asia, Japan has been discussed. The important and major challenges faced by regulatory bodies like United States Foods and Drug Administration and European Commission, in developing regulations for NMs and NMc are addressed in this section.
[186] Are environmental regulations keeping up with innovation? A case study ... — If threats arise after a product reaches market, regulations are implemented, thus characterizing the traditional regulatory model as responsive. This approach also looks for a balance between regulation to protect human and environmental safety, and support for commercialization of emerging technologies.
[187] How Should Engineered Nanomaterials Be Regulated for Public and ... — The central ethical and policy issue with respect to minimizing and managing the risks of ENMs is whether existing legal frameworks are sufficient to protect public health and the environment.17, 18 Proponents of new regulations argue that ENMs are so different from existing substances and pose such far-reaching and poorly understood risks to public health and the environment that new forms of government oversight, such as regulations that address ENMs as a class, are needed.19 Nanowaste poses a particularly difficult problem for current legal frameworks because existing laws might not adequately account for the different ways that nanowaste can enter the environment.16 For example, existing laws might not address the risks of disposal of nanowaste from consumer goods (such as tennis rackets or sunscreens) or medical products (such as drugs or bandages).
[188] Regulation of engineered nanomaterials: current challenges, insights ... — Substantial production and wide applications of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) have raised concerns over their potential influences on the environment and humans. However, regulations of products containing ENMs are scarce, even in countries with the greatest volume of ENMs produced, such as the United States and China. After a comprehensive review of life cycles of ENMs, five major
[196] How Should Engineered Nanomaterials Be ... - AMA Journal of Ethics — The central ethical and policy issue with respect to minimizing and managing the risks of ENMs is whether existing legal frameworks are sufficient to protect public health and the environment.17, 18 Proponents of new regulations argue that ENMs are so different from existing substances and pose such far-reaching and poorly understood risks to public health and the environment that new forms of government oversight, such as regulations that address ENMs as a class, are needed.19 Nanowaste poses a particularly difficult problem for current legal frameworks because existing laws might not adequately account for the different ways that nanowaste can enter the environment.16 For example, existing laws might not address the risks of disposal of nanowaste from consumer goods (such as tennis rackets or sunscreens) or medical products (such as drugs or bandages).
[197] Ethical, Legal, and Societal Issues - National Nanotechnology Initiative — Ethical, Legal, and Societal Issues | National Nanotechnology Initiative How nanotechnology research and applications are introduced into society; how transparent decisions are; how sensitive and responsive policies are to the needs and perceptions of the full range of stakeholders; and how ethical, legal, and social issues are addressed will determine public trust and the future of innovation driven by nanotechnology. The NNI is committed to fostering the development of a community of experts on ethical, legal, and societal issues (ELSI) related to nanotechnology and to building collaborations among ELSI communities, such as consumers, engineers, ethicists, manufacturers, nongovernmental organizations, regulators, and scientists. With its industry stakeholders, the NNI will also develop information resources for ethical and legal issues related to intellectual property and ethical implications of nanotechnology-based patents and trade secrets.
[198] Ethical and legal challenges in nanomedical innovations: a scoping ... — Results: Results indicate that articles referencing ethical and legal issues related to nanomedical technology were concerned with six key areas: 1) harm exposure and potential risks to health, 2) consent to nano-research, 3) privacy, 4) access to nanomedical technology and potential nanomedical therapies, 5) classification of nanomedical products in relation to the research and development of nanomedical technology, and 6) the precautionary principle as it relates to the research and development of nanomedical technology. These searches produced 20 articles for this review, giving a total of 27 articles for analysis, which identified the following issues: exposure to harm and potential risks to health, consent issues related to nano-research and patient privacy, access to nanomedicine and nanomedical products, and classification of nanomedical devices and the precautionary principle.
[210] Ethical and Scientific Issues of Nanotechnology in the Workplace — Despite a conscious effort by governments, corporations, nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), trade associations, academics, and workers to anticipate and address potential workplace hazards [Bartis and Landree 2006; Hett 2004; National Institute for Occupational Safety and Heath (NIOSH) 2006; National Science and Technology Council (NSTC) 2006; Roco and Bainbridge 2003; Scientific Committee on Engineering and Newly Identified Health Risks (SCENIHR) 2005], workers are still likely to be exposed to nanomaterials. The ethical issues that most affect workers in jobs involving nanomaterials are linked to identification and communication of hazards and risks by scientists, authorities, and employers; acceptance of risk by workers; implementation of controls; choice of participation in medical screening; and adequate investment in toxicologic and exposure control research (Table 1).
[213] Risks and ethics of nanotechnology: an overview - ScienceDirect — An emerging belief is that nanoscience and technology cannot be based on previous practices that feature ethical and social reflection. Ethical considerations should accompany research at all stages. This chapter aims to highlight ethical issues related to nanotechnology in the workplace, and their consequences for workers' health and safety.
[218] 17 Tech Experts Discuss What's New And Next In Nanotech - Forbes — We may soon be hearing much more about nanotechnology and its potential to have a major impact across a wide range of industrial and consumer-facing applications. Here, 17 members of Forbes Technology Council discuss some new and progressing developments in nanotechnology and how they may impact us all in the future. The use of graphene as a sensor material could revolutionize various industries, including healthcare, environmental monitoring and security, by providing highly accurate and efficient sensing capabilities. In the future, nanotechnology could improve the construction industry by making buildings more resilient. Nano agritech is the next best use case for nanotechnology after its potential applications in the medical industry.
[221] Trends, risks and opportunities in environmental nanotechnology - Nature — Engineered nanomaterials (ENMs), intentionally synthesized materials with sizes less than 100 nm in at least one dimension, have numerous potential environmental applications, such as pollution remediation and water treatment. In this Review, we assess the opportunities of ENMs in environmental applications versus their potential public and environmental health risks, focusing on water treatment and reuse, and identify strategies for their responsible use. Review on natural, incidental, bioinspired, and engineered nanomaterials: history, definitions, classifications, synthesis, properties, market, toxicities, risks, and regulations. J. 1, 1894–1895 (1960). A critical review on the role of abiotic factors on the transformation, environmental identity and toxicity of engineered nanomaterials in aquatic environment. Role of nanomaterials in water treatment applications: a review. J. & Elimelech, M.
[224] Integrating green nanotechnology with sustainable development goals: a ... — Green Nanotechnology (GNT) integrates the principles of nanotechnology with sustainability, aiming to minimize environmental and health impacts. A life cycle assessment (LCA) approach ensures that nanomaterials are developed with low toxicity and recyclability in mind, reducing pollution and supporting environmental conservation , waste reduction, process optimization, and recycling. Nanomaterial-based catalysts enhance processes like water splitting, making it easier to transform renewable energy sources into clean hydrogen fuel as an environmentally friendly alternative to fossil fuels. Nanotechnology-based solutions are linked to the achievement of the SDGs, which include clean energy, clean water and sanitation, sustainable agriculture, and climate action. Green and sustainable technology for clean energy production: applications. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENERGY.2023.126974.
[225] Towards safe and sustainable innovation in nanotechnology: State-of ... — SbD was initially formulated for nanomaterials in the flagship project NANoREG and defined as a process enabling an early stage application of the precautionary principle by means of considering health and environmental safety in addition to function in the design phase of a material or product (Gottardo et al., 2017). Moreover, new activities have recently been proposed under the future European Union's Horizon Europe Framework Programme 2021–2027 aimed to promote research and development on innovative materials that are safe and sustainable by design as well as compliant with the circular economy (European Commission, 2019b, European Commission, 2019c; van der Waals et al., 2019).
[226] Current regulatory landscape of nanomaterials and nanomedicines: A ... — On the other hand, NTc is a product development field that moves quicker than the regulatory landscape and frameworks. It is due to the complexity of specific nanomaterials (NMs) and nanomedicines (NMc), the unavailability of an internationally standardized regulatory framework, and worldwide regulatory landscape differences. In the last two