Table of Contents
Overview
Definition of Medicine
Medicine is defined as a science focused on the study of living beings, aimed at treating health issues, investigating environmental conditions, applying cures, and preventing diseases.[2.1] It encompasses a wide range of health care practices that have evolved to maintain health through the prevention and treatment of illness.[1.1] The field of medicine includes various professionals such as nurses, doctors, and specialists, and it covers essential aspects such as diagnosis, treatment, and disease prevention, as well as medical research.[3.1] Furthermore, the practice of medicine is concerned with maintaining health and addressing the prevention, alleviation, or cure of diseases.[4.1] The World Health Organization's Alma-Ata Health Declaration, established during its 1978 conference, emphasizes the importance of accessible health care for all levels of society, highlighting the broader implications of medical practice.[4.1]Importance of Medicine in Society
Medicine plays a crucial role in society, serving not only as a means of treating illness but also as a foundational element for public health and community well-being. The historical evolution of medicine, from ancient practices to modern advancements, underscores its significance in improving health outcomes and enhancing quality of life. For instance, ancient Egyptian medicine was notable for its systematic approach to recording medical knowledge, which laid the groundwork for future medical practices.[5.1] Similarly, Greek medicine, particularly through the contributions of Hippocrates, shifted the understanding of disease from supernatural explanations to natural causes, establishing principles that continue to inform modern medical practice.[5.1] In contemporary society, the integration of technology and data analytics into medicine plays a crucial role in enhancing public health initiatives and preventive medicine. Public health institutions are pivotal in advancing the meaningful use of artificial intelligence (AI) by ensuring that their staff are well-versed in regulatory provisions and ethical principles related to AI technologies, prioritizing equity in AI design, and investing in systems capable of securely processing large volumes of data necessary for AI applications.[12.1] The potential advantages of AI in public health include improved disease forecasting, risk prediction, and the identification of health trends, which are essential for informed decision-making and efficient public health responses.[13.1] Furthermore, the routine collection and standardization of health data through Electronic Health Records (EHRs) are vital for addressing disparities and improving health outcomes among diverse populations. This process involves accurately capturing social determinants of health and ensuring that EHR systems can support population health management effectively.[14.1] Additionally, the benefits of big data analytics in healthcare can be categorized into IT infrastructure, operational, organizational, managerial, and strategic advantages, all of which contribute to optimizing healthcare delivery and enhancing clinical decision-making.[15.1] Community engagement is a critical element in the effectiveness of public health initiatives, as it ensures that programs are relevant, effective, and sustainable within the community context.[25.1] By involving communities in the design, implementation, and evaluation of health programs, these initiatives can better address the specific needs and dynamics of the populations they serve.[26.1] Education and awareness are essential components of this engagement, as they help to empower individuals and reshape perceptions of preventive medicine.[25.1] Furthermore, integrating community engagement into public health efforts plays a significant role in reducing health disparities and promoting social justice, ultimately contributing to the overarching goal of achieving health equity for all.[26.1] Thus, the importance of medicine in society extends beyond clinical settings, influencing social dynamics and enhancing the overall health of communities.History
Ancient Medicine Practices
Ancient medicine practices were characterized by a diverse array of healing methods that laid the foundation for modern medical science. The medical practices of ancient civilizations, such as those in Egypt, Greece, China, and India, were pivotal in shaping the understanding of health and disease. For instance, ancient Egyptians utilized a combination of herbal remedies, spiritual practices, and surgical techniques to address various medical conditions, which have had a lasting impact on contemporary healthcare practices.[48.1] In ancient India, Ayurveda emerged as a holistic system of medicine that emphasized the balance of mind, body, and spirit. Key texts like the Charaka Samhita and the Sushruta Samhita outlined principles of diagnosis, treatment, and prevention, incorporating herbal remedies, dietary guidelines, and yoga practices.[52.1] Similarly, the ancient Greeks made significant contributions to medical science, particularly through the works of Hippocrates and Galen. Hippocratic medicine focused on rational observation and naturalistic explanations for disease, establishing ethical principles that guided medical practice. The Hippocratic Corpus, attributed to Hippocrates and his followers, advocated for systematic studies of symptoms and treatment outcomes, while Galen expanded upon these teachings, enhancing knowledge in anatomy, physiology, and pharmacology.[52.1] The influence of ancient healing practices on modern healthcare is significant, as these practices continue to shape contemporary approaches to health and wellness. Integrative medicine, which seeks to combine the strengths of both modern medicine and traditional healing practices, emphasizes treating the patient as a whole, addressing not only physical symptoms but also emotional, mental, and spiritual needs.[50.1] This holistic approach is increasingly recognized as essential in creating a more inclusive healthcare system that respects diverse cultural practices.[49.1] Traditional African practices have notably influenced global views of health and disease; for instance, Indigenous African beliefs contributed to the development of the Vodun religion, while Native American traditions emphasize the interconnectedness of physical and spiritual health.[59.1] By embracing indigenous healing methods, modern healthcare can promote a more effective and culturally sensitive approach to health, addressing the unique needs of diverse populations.[49.1] Thus, the legacy of ancient medicine practices not only informs the evolution of medical knowledge but also continues to resonate within modern healthcare paradigms.Evolution of Medical Knowledge
The evolution of medical knowledge is a complex narrative that spans from prehistoric times to the contemporary era, reflecting significant advancements in the understanding and treatment of diseases. The history of medicine encompasses the study and documentation of medical treatments, practices, and knowledge, which have evolved over time, influenced by various cultural and scientific traditions. Notably, the medieval Islamic world contributed significantly to this evolution, as exemplified by the Canon of Medicine, which provided an overview of contemporary medical knowledge influenced by earlier Greco-Roman traditions, particularly the works of Galen.[41.1] Throughout history, numerous individuals have made groundbreaking discoveries in medicine, although the manner in which these discoveries were publicized often led to conflicts with the established medical community. Such conflicts sometimes resulted in the temporary or permanent loss of valuable medical advancements to humanity.[42.1] The development of vaccination, for instance, marked a pivotal moment in medical history, beginning with Edward Jenner's introduction of the smallpox vaccine in 1796, which was the first vaccine for any disease.[67.1] This innovation laid the groundwork for subsequent vaccines, including those for anthrax and rabies developed by Louis Pasteur in the late 19th century.[44.1] The integration of traditional medicine systems, such as Ayurveda and Traditional Chinese Medicine, into modern healthcare has also played a crucial role in the evolution of medical knowledge. These systems offer alternative approaches to disease treatment and prevention, and many modern pharmaceuticals have been derived from traditional remedies.[53.1] This blending of traditional and contemporary practices highlights the ongoing evolution of medical knowledge and its adaptability to new challenges. Moreover, the impact of vaccines on public health cannot be overstated. Vaccination efforts have significantly decreased morbidity and mortality rates associated with infectious diseases, with an estimated 154 million deaths prevented between the 1970s and 2020s due to global vaccination initiatives.[55.1] The history of vaccination is characterized by scientific ingenuity and public health triumphs, demonstrating the profound influence of medical advancements on societal health outcomes.[57.1]Recent Advancements
Technological Innovations in Medicine
Technological innovations in medicine have significantly transformed healthcare delivery, particularly through the integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and robotics. These technologies promise to revolutionize patient care, diagnostics, and treatment modalities by enhancing the precision and efficiency of medical practices, ultimately improving patient outcomes and alleviating the burden on healthcare professionals.[89.1] However, the increasing integration of AI and robotics into healthcare systems raises critical ethical implications, including concerns about privacy, data security, accountability, transparency, fairness, and the preservation of human autonomy.[89.1] The applications of AI in healthcare are diverse, encompassing areas such as diagnostic algorithms, care management, and the automation of manual activities to reduce human error and paperwork.[87.1] As AI technologies evolve, ethical considerations surrounding their deployment become paramount. Stakeholders in healthcare must address issues such as algorithmic bias, transparency, clinical validation, and professional responsibility to navigate the complexities of AI integration while safeguarding patient welfare.[86.1] Moreover, the development of inclusive AI policies and ethical frameworks is essential to ensure that AI systems are equitable and representative of diverse population groups.[88.1] Technological innovations in medicine, particularly in the realm of genetic research, have been significantly advanced by CRISPR technology. This genome editing tool has revolutionized genetic research by providing a precise method for editing DNA, which holds promise for treating various genetic disorders and enhancing disease resistance.[90.1] CRISPR-based technologies are at the forefront of this transformation, offering unprecedented opportunities to address the underlying causes of many genetic diseases.[91.1] However, the potential for creating "designer babies" raises important ethical considerations, including issues of genetic equity and informed consent for genetic modifications.[92.1] As research continues to enhance the precision and safety of CRISPR, it is essential to establish ethical frameworks that guide these advancements responsibly.[92.1] Furthermore, the introduction of vaccines, such as those for respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), represents another significant technological advancement in medicine. These vaccines aim to reduce the incidence of RSV-related respiratory illnesses, particularly among vulnerable populations such as the elderly and young children.[95.1] Increasing vaccination rates and addressing misinformation are vital strategies to enhance coverage and mitigate the impact of RSV on these groups.[96.1] Given the absence of specific treatments for RSV, preventive measures through vaccination are essential for protecting public health.[97.1]Breakthroughs in Treatment and Diagnosis
In 2023, significant breakthroughs in treatment and diagnosis have emerged across various medical fields, showcasing advancements that promise to enhance patient care and outcomes. One of the most notable developments is the approval of the first safe and effective vaccines for respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), aimed at protecting vulnerable populations such as pregnant individuals and older adults.[83.1] This marks a critical step in combating a common respiratory disease that poses serious health risks. Additionally, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved the first CRISPR-based treatment for sickle cell disease, representing a landmark achievement in gene editing therapies.[83.1] This advancement not only highlights the potential of CRISPR technology in treating genetic disorders but also raises important discussions regarding equitable access to such innovative therapies, particularly in low- and middle-income countries where barriers to access remain significant.[104.1] The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) into cancer diagnosis has also seen remarkable progress. AI technologies are being utilized to improve the accuracy of breast cancer detection through enhanced image quality, rapid lesion segmentation, and effective diagnosis.[98.1] Recent studies have demonstrated the capability of AI models to predict survival outcomes for patients with invasive breast cancer by analyzing digital pathology images, thus facilitating personalized treatment approaches.[99.1] Furthermore, deep learning models have been developed to classify cancer subtypes and identify prognostic markers, showcasing the transformative potential of AI in oncology.[100.1] Research into the human microbiome has revealed its profound influence on various health aspects, including immune function and mental health, paving the way for new therapeutic strategies targeting autoimmune diseases and digestive disorders.[84.1] Moreover, innovative research conducted in microgravity aboard the International Space Station has uncovered unique properties of stem cells that could accelerate the development of biotherapies for complex diseases.[85.1] These advancements collectively represent a new era in medicine, characterized by targeted therapies, innovative technologies, and a deeper understanding of biological systems, all of which hold the promise of improving patient outcomes and transforming healthcare delivery.In this section:
Public Health And Preventive Medicine
Role of Public Health in Disease Prevention
Public health is pivotal in disease prevention through its comprehensive strategies that integrate disciplines such as medicine, epidemiology, biostatistics, and social sciences. This field is dedicated to preventing disease, promoting health, and safeguarding populations from health threats by addressing the underlying causes of health issues.[120.1] Public health specialists lead initiatives to enhance community health and well-being through collaborative efforts.[121.1] Unlike preventive medicine, which focuses on delaying the onset of illnesses, public health emphasizes the well-being of entire communities through coordinated efforts.[123.1] Practitioners assess population health to develop interventions that improve health outcomes and address disparities, promoting health equity.[124.1] This approach enables the implementation of strategies that tackle health inequities effectively.[138.1] Historically, public health has advanced through significant epidemiological studies and community health initiatives, leading to reforms that enhance population health.[126.1] Foundational public health reports have documented disease prevalence and advocated for sanitation and engineering solutions, establishing the foundation for public health infrastructure.[127.1] Community-based interventions are crucial in addressing social determinants of health, such as poverty and inadequate housing, which contribute to health disparities.[141.1] Public health experts advocate for policy changes and community engagement to implement preventive measures, such as immunization programs, which have been effective in reducing disease and health disparities.[140.1] Through these efforts, public health not only aims to prevent disease but also to foster a healthier society overall.Importance of Preventive Medicine
Preventive medicine plays a crucial role in the integration of behavioral health into primary care, addressing both physical and mental health needs. Various interventions have been developed to strengthen psychological resilience among at-risk populations, such as the nurse family partnership program, which supports young and vulnerable mothers to prevent childhood maltreatment, and the family healing together program, aimed at improving the mental health of family members living with individuals suffering from mental illness.[158.1] Community-based interventions have also proven effective in promoting mental health. For instance, the Community Partners in Care (CPIC) initiative involved a collaborative care study across multiple sectors, including outpatient primary care and mental health services, demonstrating the effectiveness of multi-sector approaches in addressing mental health issues.[159.1] Other successful interventions include international lay health worker programs, parenting interventions to reduce child abuse, and whole-school cognitive behavioral therapy programs, which collectively illustrate the potential of community-driven strategies in preventive medicine.[159.1] Moreover, integrated behavioral health services within adult primary care have shown significant reductions in depressive and anxiety symptoms among patients with these disorders.[160.1] These programs have been adaptable, ensuring continued access to mental health services during challenges such as the COVID-19 pandemic.[160.1] In pediatric primary care, a wide range of services is offered, from preventive health promotion activities to targeted mental health interventions, highlighting the comprehensive nature of integrated behavioral health services.[160.1] Despite the importance of preventive psychiatry and its implications for societal well-being, it remains underutilized as a public health approach to meet the mental health needs of the population.[158.1]Healthcare Systems
Structure of Healthcare Systems
The structure of the U.S. healthcare system is characterized by a mixed model that combines both public and private financing. The system does not provide universal coverage, leading to a complex landscape where government programs such as Medicare and Medicaid coexist with privately financed health insurance plans. In 2022, government insurance programs accounted for 45 percent, or $1.9 trillion, of national healthcare spending, while private insurance programs represented the largest single source of funding for healthcare expenditures, followed by Medicare and Medicaid.[174.1] The U.S. healthcare system is currently navigating a complex landscape characterized by dynamic and ever-changing operating and financial environments, driven by steeply rising medical costs, heavy patient demands, and intricate regulatory compliance standards. Consequently, the healthcare industry is marked by fragmentation, high costs, inequity, and a lack of coordination.[162.1] Access to healthcare is defined as the timely use of personal health services to achieve optimal health outcomes, which is essential for promoting and maintaining health, preventing and managing disease, and achieving health equity among all Americans.[176.1] Historically, access to care has varied significantly based on factors such as race, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, age, sex, disability status, sexual orientation, gender identity, and residential location, underscoring the disparities that exist within the system.[176.1] Comprehensive access to quality healthcare services is vital for reducing unnecessary disability and premature death, as well as for improving overall health outcomes.[176.1] Disparities in access to care have historically been influenced by various sociodemographic factors, including race, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, and geographic location.[176.1] The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA) has made strides in expanding access to health insurance, with an estimated 20 million previously uninsured individuals gaining coverage since its implementation.[175.1] However, the reliance on private healthcare financing has created unequal access to care, as those who can afford it may receive high-quality services, while others face barriers due to high costs and lack of coverage.[177.1]Challenges in Healthcare Delivery
Access to healthcare is a critical issue that encompasses the timely use of personal health services to achieve optimal health outcomes. Comprehensive and quality healthcare services are essential for promoting health, managing diseases, and achieving health equity across diverse populations in the United States.[165.1] However, disparities in access to healthcare persist, influenced by various sociodemographic factors such as race, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, and geographic location.[166.1] Historically, these disparities have been exacerbated by systemic inequalities and policy decisions that have disproportionately affected marginalized communities.[179.1] The Affordable Care Act (ACA) and its Medicaid expansion have been pivotal in improving access to care, leading to better health outcomes and reduced mortality rates among previously underserved populations.[180.1] Despite these advancements, challenges remain, particularly in mental health care access for people of color, who face significant barriers compared to their White counterparts.[166.1] Furthermore, while some policy initiatives have shown promise in addressing these disparities, such as accountable care organizations (ACOs), their overall impact on patient outcomes has been mixed.[180.1] Research indicates that health policy plays a crucial role in advancing health equity, necessitating a renewed commitment to principles that value all individuals equally.[167.1] The interplay of social determinants of health, including poverty, education, and local community environments, significantly influences chronic disease prevalence and healthcare access.[181.1] Programs like the CDC's Steps to a HealthierUS have demonstrated the effectiveness of community-based approaches in chronic disease prevention, yet scaling these initiatives to reach broader populations remains a challenge.[182.1]Quality Of Care
Measuring Healthcare Quality
Measuring healthcare quality involves a multifaceted approach that incorporates various metrics and frameworks to evaluate and enhance patient care. One foundational framework is provided by the Institute of Medicine (IOM), which outlines six aims for the healthcare system: safety, effectiveness, patient-centeredness, timeliness, efficiency, and equity. These aims serve as critical benchmarks for assessing the quality of care delivered to patients, ensuring that services are not only safe and effective but also tailored to individual patient needs and delivered in a timely manner.[215.1] To systematically improve quality of care, healthcare organizations often implement patient feedback mechanisms. Establishing a formal communication process with patients is considered a crucial first step in this regard, as it allows for the collection of feedback that can inform improvements in internal processes and strategic planning.[201.1] Despite the potential benefits, the use of patient feedback in hospital management remains limited, highlighting a gap that needs to be addressed for effective quality improvement.[203.1] The literature suggests that interventions informed by patient feedback can enhance various aspects of care, including communication, continuity of care, and responsiveness to patient needs.[202.1] Quality management (QM) in healthcare focuses on improving care quality through data analysis and identifying root causes of issues.[216.1] This approach often categorizes quality assessment into three primary areas: structure, process, and outcome. Structure refers to the resources required for healthcare delivery, process encompasses the methods and behaviors involved in care, and outcome measures the tangible results of care provided.[216.1] Effective quality improvement initiatives require hospital administrators to strategically manage their workforce, ensuring that healthcare professionals are equipped and motivated to deliver high-quality care.[217.1] By fostering a culture of data-driven decision-making, healthcare teams can promptly identify and address issues, leading to better patient outcomes.[217.1]Factors Influencing Quality of Care
Quality of care in medicine is influenced by a variety of factors that encompass both systemic and individual elements. One of the primary determinants is the adherence to current professional knowledge and best medical evidence, which ensures that health services are effective and aligned with the preferences and values of patients. High-quality care is characterized by its ability to increase the likelihood of desired health outcomes while being consistent with established medical standards.[197.1] The National Academy of Medicine outlines several critical characteristics of quality health care, including safety, effectiveness, patient-centeredness, timeliness, efficiency, and equity. These attributes collectively contribute to a comprehensive understanding of quality care, emphasizing the importance of coordinated services across different providers throughout the continuum of care.[198.1] For instance, patient-centered care requires that healthcare providers respect and respond to individual patient preferences and needs, which is essential for achieving positive health outcomes.[198.1] The aging population and increasing racial and ethnic diversity present significant challenges for healthcare delivery, as many older adults have left the workforce and now rely on younger adults for clinical care and long-term services and supports (LTSS).[194.1] This demographic shift indicates that older individuals are more likely to require healthcare services, highlighting the importance of healthcare delivery systems in promoting healthy aging.[194.1] As countries commit to achieving Health for All, it is imperative to carefully consider the quality of care and health services. The Sustainable Development Goals urge countries to achieve Universal Health Coverage (UHC), which includes financial risk protection and access to quality essential health care services.[195.1] While the challenges to improving care quality are substantial, the need for action is clear, and many countries are making progress in integrating quality into their health systems. Collaborative efforts among key stakeholders—governments, health systems, citizens, patients, and health workers—are essential to achieve the goal of delivering quality health services at the front line.[195.1] Healthcare policies play a crucial role in shaping the quality of care delivered to patients. Policies aimed at improving access to care, such as the Affordable Care Act’s Medicaid expansion, have been associated with better health outcomes and reduced mortality rates.[206.1] However, the effectiveness of initiatives like accountable care organizations (ACOs) and bundled payment programs has shown mixed results regarding patient outcomes. While these initiatives have not significantly improved patient outcomes, they have enhanced the focus on prevention and population health, making them important mechanisms for advancing quality and outcomes in healthcare.[206.1] Furthermore, it is essential for hospital administrators to strategically manage their workforce, ensuring that healthcare professionals are well-equipped, motivated, and engaged in delivering high-quality patient care. By providing healthcare professionals with the necessary knowledge and tools, hospitals can enhance the quality of patient care, ultimately leading to improved patient outcomes.[207.1] Additionally, fostering a culture of data-driven decision-making within hospitals allows healthcare teams to promptly identify and address issues, facilitating evidence-based adjustments to care processes and further improving patient outcomes.[207.1] Finally, the integration of data-driven decision-making within healthcare organizations is vital for improving quality. Hospital administrators must ensure that healthcare professionals are equipped with the necessary tools and knowledge to deliver high-quality care. This includes fostering a culture that prioritizes evidence-based practices and continuous quality improvement.[207.1] By addressing these multifaceted factors, healthcare systems can work towards achieving higher standards of care that meet the diverse needs of the populations they serve.In this section:
Ethical Considerations In Medicine
Medical Ethics and Patient Rights
Medical ethics encompasses the moral principles that guide healthcare professionals in their interactions with patients, emphasizing the importance of prioritizing patients' well-being, dignity, and trust. The American Medical Association (AMA) outlines key principles of medical ethics, which include respecting the rights of patients, safeguarding patient confidentiality, and maintaining a commitment to ongoing medical education and collaboration with other health professionals.[230.1] These principles serve as a framework for ethical decision-making in healthcare, ensuring that patient rights are upheld throughout the care process. In practice, ethical dilemmas often arise in patient care, particularly when there are conflicts between ethical principles such as beneficence (the obligation to act in the patient's best interest) and autonomy (the right of patients to make informed decisions about their own care).[228.1] Respecting patient autonomy necessitates that healthcare providers disclose necessary medical information and treatment options, thereby supporting informed consent and truth-telling.[228.1] However, situations may occur where a physician's paternalistic actions, intended to benefit the patient, conflict with the patient's autonomous choices, raising ethical concerns about the appropriateness of such interventions.[228.1] The application of ethical principles in patient care is further complicated by the diverse cultural backgrounds of patients, which can influence their perceptions of autonomy and decision-making.[248.1] Understanding these cultural differences is essential for healthcare professionals to provide culturally sensitive care and to advocate effectively for patients, thereby facilitating ethical decision-making that respects individual values and beliefs.[248.1] The principles of medical ethics serve as a vital framework for healthcare professionals, emphasizing the prioritization of patients' well-being, dignity, and trust.[231.1] However, the existence of numerous guidelines from various organizations can lead to confusion regarding essential ethical rules.[231.1] This complexity underscores the importance of understanding the origins and systematic application of medical ethics principles, which aids in developing a defensible hierarchy for ethical decision-making.[231.1] A review of common ethical dilemmas in healthcare highlights the necessity for improved resource management, patient communication, and consistent ethical practices.[229.1] The review specifically investigates the population of healthcare professionals facing ethical dilemmas, the intervention of implementing ethical decision-making frameworks, the comparison with conventional approaches to ethics in healthcare, and the outcome of resolving ethical issues and improving patient care outcomes.[229.1] This structured approach demonstrates the effectiveness of ethical decision-making frameworks in addressing ethical challenges within healthcare settings.[229.1]Ethical Dilemmas in Modern Medicine
In modern medicine, ethical dilemmas frequently arise due to the complex interplay of various ethical principles, particularly beneficence, autonomy, and justice. These principles often conflict in real-world scenarios, leading to challenging situations for healthcare providers. For instance, the principle of beneficence emphasizes the responsibility of healthcare practitioners to act in their patients' best interests, which can sometimes clash with the principle of autonomy, where patients have the right to make informed decisions about their own care.[236.1] A notable example of this conflict is hard paternalism, where a physician may act against a fully informed and competent patient's wishes, believing it to be in the patient's best interest, which is considered ethically indefensible.[243.1] Ethical dilemmas in modern medicine often stem from the interplay of the principles of beneficence, autonomy, and justice. The principle of beneficence emphasizes the responsibility of healthcare practitioners to act in their patients' best interests, promoting their well-being.[236.1] However, conflicts can arise when the principle of autonomy, which respects the patient's right to make decisions, is at odds with beneficence, particularly in cases where patients may refuse treatment that healthcare providers believe is beneficial.[236.1] Additionally, the principle of justice, which pertains to the equitable distribution of healthcare resources, adds another layer of complexity to these ethical considerations.[236.1] Cultural differences significantly impact these ethical principles, as in many cultures, health decisions are made collectively by family members rather than by individuals alone. For instance, in some African and Asian cultures, important health decisions are viewed as a family matter, necessitating healthcare providers to engage with family dynamics and respect their input.[246.1] This cultural context underscores the importance of cultural competence, which enables healthcare providers to deliver services that meet the diverse cultural, social, and religious needs of patients and their families. By fostering a culturally competent environment, healthcare systems can improve patient outcomes and create a more positive healthcare experience.[247.1] The rapid advancement of medical technology and treatments has introduced additional ethical challenges, particularly concerning informed consent in clinical trials. Vulnerable populations may face heightened risks, raising questions about the adequacy of consent and the ethical implications of their participation.[256.1] As healthcare continues to evolve, the need for ongoing reflection and debate regarding these ethical dilemmas remains critical, ensuring that patient autonomy, beneficence, and justice are upheld in practice.[242.1]In this section:
Future Of Medicine
Emerging Trends and Technologies
Emerging trends and technologies in medicine are increasingly characterized by the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) and big data, which are reshaping the landscape of healthcare delivery. In 2025, personalized healthcare will extend beyond precision medicine to encompass the utilization of AI and data to meet the unique needs of patients. This evolution aims to address challenges such as resource availability and the stigma associated with mental health care, ultimately fostering a sustainable ecosystem that harmonizes innovation, security, and human expertise to enhance healthcare outcomes for all.[263.1] Telemedicine is a significant component of this transformation, with AI playing a crucial role in diagnosing conditions, predicting patient outcomes, and personalizing treatment plans. The integration of big data analytics is expected to identify trends that improve population health management, thereby enhancing the overall efficacy of telemedicine.[273.1] AI technologies, including virtual assistant chatbots, wearable monitoring devices, and predictive analytic models, are not only improving the quality of care but also empowering patients by fostering a more interactive dynamic between them and healthcare providers.[274.1] Moreover, AI is revolutionizing remote healthcare by enhancing diagnostics, real-time monitoring, and patient engagement. Key applications such as AI-enabled diagnostic systems and teleconsultation platforms are instrumental in overcoming the limitations of traditional remote healthcare models.[275.1] However, the integration of AI in healthcare also raises ethical considerations, including issues of privacy, bias, and data security, which must be addressed to ensure that the benefits of these technologies are realized without compromising patient safety.[276.1] The historical context of medical innovations underscores the importance of these emerging technologies. Significant medical breakthroughs, such as the development of antibiotics, vaccines, and advanced imaging techniques, have fundamentally altered medical practice and improved patient outcomes.[280.1] As the healthcare landscape continues to evolve, the lessons learned from past innovations will inform the application of new technologies, ensuring that they contribute positively to the future of medicine.Predictions for the Next Decade in Medicine
The next decade in medicine is poised to witness transformative advancements driven by the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) and precision medicine. AI's capabilities in data integration, genomic and molecular data analysis, predictive modeling, and personalized treatment development are critical to the advancement of personalized medicine.[267.1] The convergence of these technologies is expected to enhance therapy planning by utilizing clinical, genomic, and social determinants of health, thereby improving risk prediction and diagnosis.[265.1] Innovative tools such as virtual assistant chatbots, wearable monitoring devices, and predictive analytic models will further amplify the quality of care. These technologies not only empower patients but also foster a more interactive dynamic between patients and healthcare providers.[268.1] As AI continues to evolve, it will play a significant role in analyzing complex data and developing personalized treatment strategies, which is essential for improving patient outcomes.[267.1] Moreover, the development of vaccines and advancements in surgical techniques have historically marked significant milestones in medicine, and similar breakthroughs are anticipated in the coming years. The ongoing evolution of AI in healthcare is expected to address challenges such as clinician fatigue and machine error, thereby augmenting the capabilities of healthcare specialists.[265.1] As these technologies advance, healthcare providers and policymakers must also consider the ethical implications and limitations of AI tools to ensure that patients receive accurate and personalized health recommendations.[268.1]References
[1] Outline of medicine - Wikipedia — The Rod of Asclepius, a symbol commonly associated with medicine. The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to medicine: Medicine - science of healing. It encompasses a variety of health care practices evolved to maintain health by the prevention and treatment of illness.
[2] What is Medicine? - Definition, Importance, Practice, and History — Definition for medicine. Medicine is a science whose objective is the study of living beings, to treat their health, to investigate the conditions in the world, apply a cure, and try to prevent diseases. As stated in the previous section, a reference to natural medicine can also be made due to its effectiveness with humans' different diseases.
[3] What is medicine? Definition, fields, and branches - Medical News Today — Medicine is the field of health and healing. It includes nurses, doctors, and various specialists. It covers diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of disease, medical research, and many other
[4] Medicine | Definition, Fields, Research, & Facts | Britannica — medicine, the practice concerned with the maintenance of health and the prevention, alleviation, or cure of disease.. The World Health Organization at its 1978 international conference held in the Soviet Union produced the Alma-Ata Health Declaration, which was designed to serve governments as a basis for planning health care that would reach people at all levels of society.
[5] History of medicine shapes modern healthcare | Open Medscience — This article explores significant periods in medical history, from prehistoric practices to the scientific revolution and the rise of modern medicine. Ancient Egypt holds a unique place in the history of medicine, not just for its practical advancements but also for its systematic approach to recording medical knowledge. Greek medicine laid the foundation for modern medical practice by shifting away from supernatural explanations of disease and emphasising natural causes and treatments. Hippocrates, often called the “Father of Medicine,” revolutionised medical practice in the 5th century BCE by rejecting the idea that illness was caused by divine intervention. The 20th century ushered in an era of unprecedented medical advancements, with the discovery of antibiotics, the development of advanced imaging technologies, and the rise of personalised medicine.
[12] Artificial intelligence in public health: promises, challenges, and an ... — Public health institutions can play a key part in advancing the meaningful use of AI in public health by ensuring their staff are up to date regarding existing regulatory provisions and ethical principles for the development and use of AI technologies, thinking about how to prioritise equity in AI design and implementation, investing in systems that can securely process the large volumes of data needed for AI applications and in data governance and cybersecurity, promoting the ethical use of AI through clear guidelines that align with human rights and the public good, and considering AI's environmental impact.
[13] Using artificial intelligence to improve public health: a narrative ... — The absence of clear categorization and summarization of traditional and AI methods for predictive modeling, such as disease forecasting, risk prediction, and spatial modeling, hinders informed decision-making, efficiency, accessibility, and research collaboration in the field of public health. The ability to evaluate vast volumes of data, identify patterns and trends, and estimate future results are some of the potential advantages of AI for disease forecasting in public health. Research involving Electronic Health Records (EHRs) combined with Natural Language Processing (NLP) and Artificial Intelligence (AI) techniques has gained traction in recent years, aiming to extract valuable insights from the unstructured textual data within EHRs. NLP methods encompass techniques like Named Entity Recognition (NER) to identify medical terms, sentiment analysis for patient feedback, and text classification for diagnoses (61).
[14] Role of Health Information Technology in Addressing Health Disparities ... — Collecting and standardizing data is a complex process.32 One recent report outlines three system-level steps (count electronically, equity lens, and intervene to decrease disparities) needed to decrease racial/ethnic disparities via EHRs and health IT.33 Routine collection of accurate, detailed, and complete data on social determinants of health, industry/occupation and environment, and demographic and socio-economic status per national guidelines is needed.32,34 The broad adoption of EHRs provides an opportunity to incorporate information on demographic and social determinants of health on a large scale, but terminology and messaging standardization is necessary to enable this.35 Accordingly, the Institute of Medicine identified social determinants of health domains and measures to inform recommendations for the meaningful use of EHRs.36 However, there are differences between EHR systems in large, well-resourced clinical practices and those in less well-resourced sites, such as their relative abilities to support population health management and track, document, and address disparities across settings.37 NIMHD is now working with other NIH institutes and centers to identify common health equity data elements in EHRs and other data sources to make it possible to translate data into actions to improve health outcomes for disparity populations.
[15] The use of Big Data Analytics in healthcare - PMC — According to research conducted by Wang, Kung and Byrd, Big Data Analytics benefits can be classified into five categories: IT infrastructure benefits (reducing system redundancy, avoiding unnecessary IT costs, transferring data quickly among healthcare IT systems, better use of healthcare systems, processing standardization among various healthcare IT systems, reducing IT maintenance costs regarding data storage), operational benefits (improving the quality and accuracy of clinical decisions, processing a large number of health records in seconds, reducing the time of patient travel, immediate access to clinical data to analyze, shortening the time of diagnostic test, reductions in surgery-related hospitalizations, exploring inconceivable new research avenues), organizational benefits (detecting interoperability problems much more quickly than traditional manual methods, improving cross-functional communication and collaboration among administrative staffs, researchers, clinicians and IT staffs, enabling data sharing with other institutions and adding new services, content sources and research partners), managerial benefits (gaining quick insights about changing healthcare trends in the market, providing members of the board and heads of department with sound decision-support information on the daily clinical setting, optimizing business growth-related decisions) and strategic benefits (providing a big picture view of treatment delivery for meeting future need, creating high competitive healthcare services) .
[25] The Role of Community Engagement in Public Health Initiatives — The Role of Community Engagement in Public Health Initiatives | Clinical Gate The Role of Community Engagement in Public Health Initiatives Your rating: none, Average: 5 (1 votes) Public health is not just a matter of science and medicine; it’s deeply rooted in community dynamics. Engaging communities in the design, implementation, and evaluation of public health programs ensures these initiatives are relevant, effective, and sustainable. Education and awareness are key components of community engagement in public health. The integration of technology in public health offers new avenues for community engagement. For public health initiatives to have a lasting impact, community engagement needs to be sustained over the long term. The Future of Community Engagement in Public Health
[26] Community engagement in public health: a bibliometric mapping ... - PubMed — Background: Community engagement (CE) has been regarded as a critical element of successful health programs to achieve "the health for all" goals. Numerous studies have shown that it plays a significant role in reducing inequalities, improving social justice, enhancing benefits, and sharing responsibility towards public health.
[41] History of medicine - Wikipedia — The history of medicine is the study and documentation of the evolution of medical treatments, practices, and knowledge over time. ... The Canon of Medicine presents an overview of the contemporary medical knowledge of the medieval Islamic world, which had been influenced by earlier traditions including Greco-Roman medicine (particularly Galen
[42] History of Medicine - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics — The history of medicine is replete with individuals who, having made a valuable discovery, went about publicizing it in a manner that was scientifically unacceptable or generated unnecessary antagonism on the part of the medical establishment. The result was temporary or permanent loss of the fruits of that discovery to humanity. Although this book provides information that could be pivotal in
[44] History of Medicine Timeline - PMC - PubMed Central (PMC) — History of Medicine Timeline - PMC Official websites use .gov Search Search Search in PMC 1796 Edward Jenner develops the process of vaccination for smallpox, the first vaccines for any disease 1867 Joseph Lister develops the use of antiseptic surgical methods and publishes Antiseptic Principle of the Practice of Surgery 1881 First vaccine developed for anthrax by Louis Pasteur 1882 First vaccine for developed for rabies by Louis Pasteur 1890 Emil von Behring discovers antitoxins and develops tetanus and diphtheria vaccines 1923 First vaccine developed for diphtheria First vaccine developed for tetanus 1992 First vaccine developed for hepatitis A Articles from Heart Views : The Official Journal of the Gulf Heart Association are provided here courtesy of Wolters Kluwer -- Medknow Publications
[48] The History of Healers and Their Contributions to the Development of ... — Throughout history, healers in ancient civilizations utilized a combination of herbal remedies, spiritual practices, and surgical techniques to treat a wide range of medical conditions. These traditions have had a lasting impact on the development of medicine and continue to influence modern healthcare practices.
[49] Healing Traditions: Integrating Indigenous Practices in Modern Health ... — Healing Traditions: Integrating Indigenous Practices in Modern Health Care – Divergent CRO Integrating indigenous healing practices can lead to a more holistic approach to health, addressing not just physical ailments but also emotional and spiritual well-being. By embracing indigenous healing methods, we can create a more inclusive healthcare system that respects diverse cultural practices and promotes healing for all. Integrating indigenous healing practices into modern healthcare requires a commitment to ethical standards and cultural sensitivity. To effectively integrate indigenous healing practices into modern healthcare, ongoing research is essential. Integrating indigenous healing practices into modern healthcare can lead to a more inclusive and effective approach to health, addressing the unique needs of diverse populations. Healing Traditions: Integrating Indigenous Practices in Modern Health Care
[50] Ancient Healing vs. Modern Medicine: How Traditional Health Practices ... — Modern Medicine: How Traditional Health Practices Have Evolved - The Cultural Apocalypse Although modern medicine has dramatically reduced mortality rates and enhanced quality of life, traditional health practices still influence contemporary healthcare, particularly as holistic and integrative medicine gain popularity. Integrative medicine seeks to combine the strengths of both modern medicine and traditional healing practices, aiming to treat the patient as a whole. While modern medicine continues to advance with cutting-edge technologies like gene therapy, precision medicine, and artificial intelligence, ancient healing practices remind us of the importance of a holistic approach. Modern medicine and ancient healing can coexist, offering patients a comprehensive approach to health that addresses not just physical symptoms but also emotional, mental, and spiritual needs.
[52] The evolution of ancient healing practices: From shamanism to ... — Similarly, in ancient India, Ayurveda emerged as a holistic system of medicine, emphasizing the balance of mind, body, and spirit. Ayurvedic texts, such as the Charaka Samhita and the Sushruta Samhita, detailed diagnosis, treatment, and prevention principles, including herbal remedies, dietary guidelines, and yoga practices. The ancient Greeks, particularly during the Classical period, made significant contributions to the development of medical science through the work of physicians like Hippocrates and Galen. Hippocratic medicine, named after the renowned physician Hippocrates, emphasized rational observation, naturalistic explanations for disease, and ethical principles guiding medical practice. The Hippocratic Corpus, a collection of texts attributed to Hippocrates and his followers, laid the foundation for clinical medicine, advocating for the systematic study of symptoms, prognosis, and treatment outcomes. Galen, a prominent physician of the Roman Empire, further expanded upon Hippocratic teachings, contributing to advancements in anatomy, physiology, and pharmacology. The legacy of ancient healing practices extends far beyond historical curiosity, influencing contemporary approaches to healthcare and wellness.
[53] The Impact of Traditional Medicine on Modern Healthcare Solutions — Traditional medicine, including systems such as Ayurveda, Traditional Chinese Medicine, and indigenous healing practices, offers valuable contributions to modern healthcare. These systems provide alternative approaches to disease treatment and prevention, and many modern pharmaceuticals have been derived from traditional remedies. Collaborations between traditional healers and medical
[55] Vaccines and Immunizations: History, Timeline, and Invention — Vaccines have had a profound impact on public health. Between the 1970s and 2020s, infant mortality declined by 40 percent, thanks to global vaccination efforts. An estimated 154 million deaths were prevented in that same span of time, which, according to WHO, is the equivalent of six lives saved per minute per year.
[57] A history of vaccination: How immunisation transformed public health — The history of vaccination is a story of scientific ingenuity, medical breakthroughs, and public health triumphs. From its earliest roots in the late 18th Century to the rapid advances of the 21st
[59] 21.3: The Role of Culture in Shaping Health Beliefs and Practices — Traditional African practices have influenced views of health and disease globally. For example, Indigenous African beliefs gave rise to the Vodun or Vodou religion (Auguste & Rasmussen, 2019). Similarly, Native American s have traditionally believed that physical and spiritual health are connected.
[67] History of Medicine Timeline - PMC — History of Medicine Timeline - PMC Official websites use .gov Search Search Search in PMC 1796 Edward Jenner develops the process of vaccination for smallpox, the first vaccines for any disease 1867 Joseph Lister develops the use of antiseptic surgical methods and publishes Antiseptic Principle of the Practice of Surgery 1881 First vaccine developed for anthrax by Louis Pasteur 1882 First vaccine for developed for rabies by Louis Pasteur 1890 Emil von Behring discovers antitoxins and develops tetanus and diphtheria vaccines 1923 First vaccine developed for diphtheria First vaccine developed for tetanus 1992 First vaccine developed for hepatitis A Articles from Heart Views : The Official Journal of the Gulf Heart Association are provided here courtesy of Wolters Kluwer -- Medknow Publications
[83] The Biggest Health and Medicine Stories of 2023 - Scientific American — From the arrival of the first safe and effective vaccines for a common respiratory disease to the first U.S. Food and Drug Administration–approved CRISPR gene editing treatment, these were some of the biggest stories in the health world this year. A new generation of drugs that result in significant weight loss appeared on the scene a few years ago with dramatic effects. Researchers persisted, however, and as of this year, several safe and effective RSV vaccines were approved by the FDA to protect pregnant people and older adults. In December the FDA approved the first CRISPR-based treatment for sickle cell disease. In May doctors in New York City completed the first partial face and whole-eye transplant in an Arkansas man who had suffered severe electrical burns while working as a lineman.
[84] 9 Groundbreaking Medical Discoveries That Are Changing Healthcare — Advances in microbiome research have revealed its significant impact on immune function, digestion, and even mental health. By understanding and manipulating the microbiome, scientists aim to develop new therapies for a wide range of conditions, from autoimmune diseases to digestive disorders and beyond.
[85] 10 Mayo Clinic research advances in 2024, spanning stem cell therapy in ... — "This fosters a new era in designing targeted and informed AI algorithms to solve scientific questions, better understand diseases and guide individualized medicine," says co-inventor Hu Li, Ph.D., a Mayo Clinic systems biology and AI researcher. Two Mayo Clinic researchers say that stem cells grown in microgravity aboard the International Space Station have unique qualities that could one day help accelerate new biotherapies and heal complex disease. The research analysis by Abba Zubair, M.D., Ph.D., a laboratory medicine expert and medical director for the Center for Regenerative Biotherapeutics at Mayo Clinic in Florida, and Fay Abdul Ghani, Mayo Clinic research technologist, finds microgravity can strengthen the regenerative potential of cells.
[86] Ethical Considerations in the Use of Artificial Intelligence and ... — By addressing privacy and data security concerns proactively and transparently, healthcare organizations can build trust with patients, mitigate ethical risks associated with AI and ML applications, and harness the full potential of these technologies to improve patient care and advance medical research, while safeguarding patient privacy and autonomy. By ensuring that healthcare providers and patients understand the rationale behind algorithmic recommendations and the limitations of AI-driven decision-making, healthcare organizations can promote the ethical and responsible use of AI and ML in health care, ultimately improving patient outcomes and advancing the delivery of personalized, evidence-based care . By addressing issues such as data privacy and security, algorithmic bias, transparency, clinical validation, and professional responsibility, healthcare stakeholders can navigate the ethical complexities surrounding AI and ML integration in health care, while safeguarding patient welfare and upholding the principles of beneficence, non-maleficence, autonomy, and justice.
[87] Shaping the future of AI in healthcare through ethics and governance ... — The potential applications of AI in healthcare seem limitless and vary in their nature and scope, ranging from privacy, research, informed consent, patient autonomy, accountability, health equity, fairness, AI-based diagnostic algorithms to care management through automation for specific manual activities to reduce paperwork and human error. The EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) (EU Official Journal 2016), Data Act (EU Commission 2022a) and Artificial Intelligence (AI) Act (EU Commission 2021) could serve as a law model for WHO Members in adopting new legally binding rules for ethical and responsible AI systems in healthcare. Using the same search query, a gray literature research was performed in English on the Google Scholar search engine, retrieving articles focusing on the use of AI in healthcare with particular attention to regulations, policies and guidelines implemented by the EU or the WHO.
[88] Health Equity and Ethical Considerations in Using Artificial ... — This commentary explores how AI is reshaping public health and medicine, concerns about bias, ethical challenges, and the importance of incorporating an equity lens in its deployment. These actions include collecting data from diverse population groups to ensure AI systems are well-informed and represent the variability in human health; developing AI with explainable outcomes to allow users to understand and trust decisions and ensure accountability in AI-driven processes; continuously monitoring AI systems for biased outcomes; and adjusting algorithms accordingly to ensure they remain equitable over time. To promote health equity and ethical AI use in public health and medicine, it is recommended to develop inclusive AI policies, enhance ethical frameworks, and ensure transparency and accountability (Figure). Facebook Twitter Instagram LinkedIn Youtube Pinterest Snapchat RSS
[89] Ethical implications of AI and robotics in healthcare: A review — Integrating Artificial Intelligence (AI) and robotics in healthcare is a transformative development with immense promise for revolutionizing patient care, diagnostics, and treatment modalities. These technologies can enhance the precision and efficiency of medical practices, improve patient outcomes, and alleviate the burden on healthcare professionals. However, as AI and robotics become increasingly integrated into healthcare systems, a critical set of ethical implications emerges. These implications touch upon privacy, data security, accountability, transparency, fairness, and the preservation of human autonomy. In the following pages, we will explore the ethical considerations of AI and robotics in healthcare, addressing issues such as privacy and data security, bias and fairness, accountability and transparency, autonomy and human oversight, and the societal implications of these technologies. We will also delve into the regulatory and legal challenges that must be overcome to ensure that AI and robotics are integrated into healthcare systems ethically and effectively.
[90] Human Nature CRISPR: Investigating the Genetic Frontier — CRISPR has revolutionized genetic research by providing a precise tool for editing DNA. In human biology, this technology holds promise for treating genetic disorders, enhancing disease resistance, and altering traits at the molecular level. However, its potential raises ethical and scientific questions about the limits of genetic modifications. Given CRISPR's ability to alter human genes
[91] Past, present, and future of CRISPR genome editing technologies — Genome editing has been a transformative force in the life sciences and human medicine, offering unprecedented opportunities to dissect complex biological processes and treat the underlying causes of many genetic diseases. CRISPR-based technologies, with their remarkable efficiency and easy programmability, stand at the forefront of this revolution. In this Review, we discuss the current state
[92] Can CRISPR Eliminate Genetic Diseases? Promise Awaits — Potential creation of "designer babies" Issues of genetic equity and access Informed consent for genetic modifications The Future Prospects of CRISPR in Medicine CRISPR technology holds immense promise for the future of medicine, with ongoing research focusing on enhancing its precision and safety.
[95] PDF — vaccines and passive immunization with a long-act-ing RSV monoclonal antibody. They are important advancements for protecting vulnerable populations. At this time, RSV immunizations (active or passive) are recommended to protect those at highest risk for medically attended illness: elderly adults, infants, and young children. Effective RSV
[96] Respiratory syncytial virus vaccination among US adults aged ≥60 years ... — Efforts to address these disparities are crucial to enhance vaccination coverage and reduce the impact of RSV on this vulnerable population. Keywords: respiratory syncytial virus, RSV, vaccine, older adults, socioeconomic. 1. Introduction
[97] PDF — Despite the significant burden RSV has on population health, there are no medications available for its treat-ment apart from symptomatic management with cor-ticosteroids, diuretics, and supplemental oxygen.16 Thus, disease prevention plays an extremely significant role in reducing the impact of RSV on vulnerable populations.
[98] Recent advancements in artificial intelligence for breast cancer: Image ... — Recent advancements in artificial intelligence for breast cancer: Image augmentation, segmentation, diagnosis, and prognosis approaches - ScienceDirect Skip to main contentSkip to article Journals & Books Help Search My account Sign in Access through your organization Purchase PDF Search ScienceDirect Article preview Abstract Introduction Section snippets References (232) Cited by (31) Seminars in Cancer Biology Volume 96, November 2023, Pages 11-25 Recent advancements in artificial intelligence for breast cancer: Image augmentation, segmentation, diagnosis, and prognosis approaches Author links open overlay panelJiadong Zhang a 1, Jiaojiao Wu b 1, Xiang Sean Zhou b, Feng Shi b, Dinggang Shen a b c Show more Add to Mendeley Share Cite https://doi.org/10.1016/j.semcancer.2023.09.001Get rights and content Abstract Breast cancer is a significant global health burden, with increasing morbidity and mortality worldwide. Artificial intelligence (AI) technologies show great potential for quantitative representation of medical images to effectively assist in segmentation, diagnosis, and prognosis of breast cancer. In this review, we overview the recent advancements of AI technologies for breast cancer, including 1) improving image quality by data augmentation, 2) fast detection and segmentation of breast lesions and diagnosis of malignancy, 3) biological characterization of the cancer such as staging and subtyping by AI-based classification technologies, 4) prediction of clinical outcomes such as metastasis, treatment response, and survival by integrating multi-omics data. In breast cancer imaging, AI has the potential to empower clinical workflows, including improving image quality, detecting and diagnosing breast cancers, classifying molecular types, and predicting prognosis , , , , .
[99] Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Cancer - National Cancer Institute — In recent years, advances in three areas—methods and algorithms for training AI models, computer hardware needed to train these models, and access to large volumes of cancer data such as imaging, genomics, and clinical data—have converged, leading to promising new applications of AI in cancer research. NCI-funded researchers have developed an AI model that can predict survival outcomes for patients with invasive, nonmetastatic breast cancer using digital pathology slide images. For example, NCI-funded researchers have developed AI methods to combine histopathology data and molecular data to predict outcomes from patients with brain cancer that perform better than models using one data type. NCI is committed to supporting research aimed at addressing these challenges and advancing the development of AI methods that will accelerate the effort to end cancer as we know it.
[100] Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Oncology: Current Landscape, Challenges ... — For example, Zhou et al.15 have reported on CRCNet, a deep learning model for detecting the presence of colorectal cancer within endoscopy images, with reported high performance across three independent data sets. For example, Sandbank et al.50 have recently presented a deep learning model for classifying invasive and non-invasive breast cancer subtypes and generating 51 predicted clinical and morphological features. More recently, Kartasalo et al.67 have developed an AI model using H&E images to detect perineural invasion – a key prognostic marker associated with poor outcomes in prostate cancer. In terms of histologic diagnosis, a 2018 study by Coudray et al.68 trained a deep learning model on TCGA H&E images to classify non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) subtypes.
[104] Navigating equity in global access to genome therapy expanding access ... — Potential impediments such as countries’ lack of regulatory capacity to evaluate these advanced therapies, a shortage of manufacturing capabilities for genome therapy production, inadequate data infrastructures for the protection of sensitive genome information, health literacy deficits impeding comprehension of treatment benefits and risks, and deficient public health systems and workforce, could globally restrict patient access. A human rights-based approach to global access to sickle cell disease genome therapy underscores the importance of robust health systems and a regulatory framework to govern cell and gene therapies at the national level. To ensure global equitable access to SCD genome therapies, it is necessary to guide all phases - from research and development to regulatory approval, manufacturing, and delivery - by principles of human rights and health equity.
[120] What Is Public Health Preventive Medicine? Expert Insights — Public health preventive medicine is a specialized field of medical practice that focuses on preventing disease, promoting health, and protecting populations from various health threats. It is a multidisciplinary approach that combines the principles of medicine, epidemiology, biostatistics, and social sciences to address the root causes of
[121] What is Public Health & preventive medicine? - phpc-mspc.ca — The public health and preventive medicine specialist uses population health knowledge and skills to play leading and collaborative roles in the maintenance and improvement of the health and well being of the community. Through inter-disciplinary and inter-sectoral partnerships, the public health and preventive medicine specialist measures the
[123] The Role of Public Health in Promoting Preventive Medicine: A ... - iCliniq — Preventive medicine and public health are closely related and collaborate to enhance population health and well-being. Preventive medicine seeks to delay the beginning of illnesses and other health problems, whereas public health concentrates on the general well-being of communities through coordinated initiatives. Combined, they constitute a
[124] What is Public Health and Preventive Medicine - phpc-mspc.ca — Public Health and Preventive Medicine specialists have populations rather than individual people as their patients. They assess and measure the health status of the population and develop effective interventions at the population level in order to improve health. They are leaders, advocates, and collaborators in public health.
[126] A History of Public Health - PMC - PubMed Central (PMC) — Public health has developed through pioneering epidemiological studies, devising forms of preventive medicine, and community health promotion. Reforms pioneered in many areas, from the abolition of slavery and serfdom to the provision of state-legislated health insurance, have all improved the health and well-being of the general population.
[127] 3 A History of the Public Health System - National Center for ... — The report, which influenced later developments in public health in England and the United States, documented the extent of disease and suffering in the population, promoted sanitation and engineering as means of controlling disease, and laid the foundation for public infrastructure for combating and preventing contagious disease. The report recommended, among other things, new census schedules; regular surveys of local health conditions; supervision of water supplies and waste disposal; special studies on specific diseases, including tuberculosis and alcoholism; education of health providers in preventive medicine; local sanitary associations for collecting and distributing information; and the establishment of a state board of health and local boards of health to enforce sanitary regulations. New ideas about causes of disease and about social responsibility stimulated the development of public health agencies and institutions.
[138] Importance of Cultural Competence in Health Education — Cultural competence in health education refers to the ability of healthcare providers to understand, respect, and effectively respond to the cultural and linguistic needs of their patients. The importance of cultural competence in healthcare cannot be overstated as it plays a crucial role in improving patient outcomes, reducing health disparities, and promoting health equity. Ultimately, cultural competence in healthcare communication is essential for providing patient-centered care and improving health outcomes for all individuals. When healthcare professionals are culturally competent, they can effectively communicate with patients from diverse backgrounds, thereby reducing language barriers and improving the overall patient-provider relationship. Cultural competence education helps healthcare providers develop an understanding of different belief systems, practices, and values that may impact the health and well-being of their patients.
[140] The effects of public health policies on health inequalities in high ... — Understanding the impact of specific public health policy interventions will help to establish causality in terms of the effects on health inequalities. ... Immunisation programs reduce disease in indigenous populations and reduce racial disparities. Vaccinations for viral diseases (e.g. Hepatitis B) is most successful since strain variations
[141] Health Disparities and Health Inequities: Impact and Advocacy — Public health experts are working to increase community-based interventions that address the social determinants of health, such as poverty and inadequate housing, that contribute to maternal health disparities. Advocating for policy changes: Public health experts are advocating for policy changes, such as expanding Medicaid coverage
[158] Mental Health Prevention and Promotion—A Narrative Review — Similarly, the latest research has developed newer interventions for strengthening the psychological resilience of the public or at-risk individuals, which can be delivered at the level of the home, such as, e.g., nurse family partnership program (to provide support to the young and vulnerable mothers and prevent childhood maltreatment) (87); family healing together program aimed at improving the mental health of the family members living with persons with mental illness (PwMI) (88). Moreover, various novel interventions (e.g., internet-and mobile-based interventions, new therapies) have been developed worldwide and proven effective for mental health promotion and prevention; such interventions are limited mainly to HICs. Despite the significance of preventive psychiatry in the current world and having a wide-ranging implication for the wellbeing of society and individuals, including those suffering from chronic medical problems, it is a poorly utilized public health field to address the population's mental health needs.
[159] Community Interventions to Promote Mental Health and Social Equity — Community Partners in Care (CPIC) was a depression collaborative care study that involved 95 programs in five sectors: outpatient primary care, outpatient mental health, substance use treatment services, homeless services, and other community services (e.g., senior centers, churches) [18•]. International lay health worker interventions, a parenting intervention to reduce child abuse, a whole-school cognitive behavioral therapy prevention program, adapted ACT teams for early psychosis and justice-involved populations, Housing First services, and multi-sector collaborative care and prevention services are examples of effective community interventions. 35.Ong MK, Jones L, Aoki W, Belin TR, Bromley E, Chung B, Dixon E, Johnson MD, Jones F, Koegel P, Khodyakov D, Landry CM, Lizaola E, Mtume N, Ngo VK, Perlman J, Pulido E, Sauer V, Sherbourne CD, Tang L, Vidaurri E, Whittington Y, Williams P, Lucas-Wright A, Zhang L, Southard M, Miranda J, Wells K.
[160] Behavioral Health Integration Fact Sheet — Integrated behavioral health services in adult primary care have been shown to result in clinically significant decreases in depressive and anxiety symptoms among patients with depressive and anxiety disorders (Bogucki et al., 2021a; Bogucki et al., 2021b; Reppeto et al., 2021; Sawchuk et al., 2018) Integrated behavioral health programs were able to quickly adapt to the challenges posed by the COVID-19 pandemic, ensuring continued access to evidence-based mental health services for the primary care population (Bogucki et al., 2021c) Integrated behavioral health services in pediatric primary care offers a wide continuum of services ranging from prevention and health promotion activities (e.g., pregnancy-related depression, developmental and Healthy Steps consultations) to interventions around mental health concerns (e.g., mental health and psychopharmacology consultations; Talmi et al., 2016).
[162] Introduction to the U.S. Healthcare System — Introduction The U.S. healthcare system is facing dynamic and ever-changing operating and financial environments due to steeply rising medical costs, heavy patient demands, and complex regulatory compliance standards. As a result, the current healthcare industry is deeply fragmented, costly, inequitable, and uncoordinated. This chapter will provide a historical overview of the U.S. healthcare
[165] Access to Healthcare and Disparities in Access — Contents Search term < PrevNext > ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE AND DISPARITIES IN ACCESS Access to healthcare means having “the timely use of personal health services to achieve the best health outcomes.”1 Access to comprehensive, quality healthcare services is important for promoting and maintaining health, preventing and managing disease, reducing unnecessary disability and premature death, and achieving health equity for all Americans.2 Attaining good access to care means having: Health insurance that facilitates entry into the healthcare system. Measures of access to care tracked in the National Healthcare Quality and Disparities Report (NHQDR) include having health insurance, having a usual source of care,ix encountering difficulties when seeking care, and receiving care as soon as wanted. Historically, Americans have experienced variable access to care based on race, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, age, sex, disability status, sexual orientation, gender identity, and residential location.3 This section of the NHQDR discusses trends in access over time and disparities in access related to the sociodemographic variables for which data were available. Indicators of increased insurance coverage include earlier detection of disease, better medication adherence and management of chronic conditions, and psychological well-being in knowing one can afford care when one gets sick.12 Healthcare access and insurance coverage are major factors that contribute to racial and ethnic disparities.
[166] Disparities in Health and Health Care: 5 Key Questions and Answers - KFF — Disparities in Health and Health Care: 5 Key Questions and Answers | KFF Asian people on aggregate fare the same or better than White people on most measures of health, but there are some subgroups of the population that face significant disparities. There also are ongoing disparities in health coverage and access to care. People of color face disproportionate barriers to accessing mental health care and there also have been large increases in drug overdose death rates for AIAN, Black, and Hispanic people compared to White people between 2019 and 2022, amplifying the focus on disparities in mental health. In addition, evolving federal and state policies related to reproductive health, Medicaid, and immigration impact disparities.
[167] Reducing Health Disparities to Promote Health Equity through Policy ... — Importance of Health Policy Research. Health policy research plays a key role in advancing health equity, defined by the US Department of Health and Human Services as "attainment of the highest level of health for all people".1 Achieving health equity requires renewed societal commitment to principles that value everyone equally, coupled
[174] How Does Government Healthcare Spending Differ From Private Insurance? — Government insurance programs, such as Medicare and Medicaid, made up 45 percent, or $1.9 trillion, of national healthcare spending. When viewed individually, private insurance programs were the largest single source of funding for healthcare expenditures in 2022, followed by Medicare (22 percent) and Medicaid (19 percent). Spending on hospital care services is the largest source of payment by private insurance programs. CMS projects that federal spending for Medicare and Medicaid — and therefore their share of total health spending — will increase faster than spending by private insurance. By 2031, federal spending would account for 49 percent of the source of funding for healthcare expenditures; private insurance would make up just 30 percent.
[175] The Affordable Care Act's Impacts on Access to Insurance and Health ... — The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA) expands access to health insurance in the United States, and, to date, an estimated 20 million previously uninsured individuals have gained coverage. In particular, we discuss evidence from (a) Massachusetts, which implemented reforms in 2006 that served as the blueprint for the ACA; (b) the Oregon Health Insurance Experiment (OHIE), which expanded Medicaid eligibility to a random sample of a low-income eligible population in 2008; and (c) California’s Low-Income Health Program (LIHP), a Medicaid Section 1115 waiver demonstration project that provided expanded coverage in county programs to low-income adults from 2011 to 2013 prior to their becoming eligible for the state’s Medicaid expansion in 2014.
[176] Access to Healthcare and Disparities in Access — Contents Search term < PrevNext > ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE AND DISPARITIES IN ACCESS Access to healthcare means having “the timely use of personal health services to achieve the best health outcomes.”1 Access to comprehensive, quality healthcare services is important for promoting and maintaining health, preventing and managing disease, reducing unnecessary disability and premature death, and achieving health equity for all Americans.2 Attaining good access to care means having: Health insurance that facilitates entry into the healthcare system. Measures of access to care tracked in the National Healthcare Quality and Disparities Report (NHQDR) include having health insurance, having a usual source of care,ix encountering difficulties when seeking care, and receiving care as soon as wanted. Historically, Americans have experienced variable access to care based on race, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, age, sex, disability status, sexual orientation, gender identity, and residential location.3 This section of the NHQDR discusses trends in access over time and disparities in access related to the sociodemographic variables for which data were available. Indicators of increased insurance coverage include earlier detection of disease, better medication adherence and management of chronic conditions, and psychological well-being in knowing one can afford care when one gets sick.12 Healthcare access and insurance coverage are major factors that contribute to racial and ethnic disparities.
[177] The Difference Between Public and Private Healthcare in the United States — The United States primarily relies on private healthcare financing, with over 50% of healthcare costs paid for by private sources (Tikkanen). According to a study published in the Journal of Health Economics, private healthcare creates unequal access to care. Another important factor to consider when comparing the quality of care in private versus public healthcare financing is patient outcomes. In the United States, for example, there are some private healthcare systems that provide top-quality care and achieve excellent patient outcomes. In conclusion, while private healthcare financing in the U.S. provides quick access to care and high-quality services for those who can afford it, it also creates barriers to good healthcare for many Americans, including high costs and lack of universal coverage.
[179] Healthcare Access Disparities among Marginalized Communities — Healthcare Access Disparities among Marginalized Communities | Global Perspectives in Health, Medicine, and Nursing Healthcare Access Disparities, Marginalized Communities, Social Determinants of Health, Intersectionality, Policy Interventions, and Health Equity Healthcare access disparities among marginalized communities are a significant public health challenge, contributing to inequalities in health outcomes and perpetuating social injustices. It provides a conceptual framework for understanding the complex interplay of factors shaping healthcare access disparities and informs future research directions aimed at addressing health inequities. The findings of this study have implications for policymakers, healthcare providers, advocacy organizations, and community members working to promote health equity and improve access to quality care for all populations. Health & Social Care in the Community, 26(4), e481-e494. https://www.kff.org/racial-equity-and-health-policy/issue-brief/changes-in-health-coverage-by-race-and-ethnicity-since-the-aca-2010-2019/ https://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0011/324917/Health-policy-responses-to-the-financial-crisis-in-Europe.pdf
[180] The Role of Health Policy in Improving Health Outcomes and Health ... — Policy focused on improving access to care through insurance coverage, such as the Affordable Care Act’s Medicaid expansion, has led to better health and reduced mortality. Here, the evidence is somewhat more mixed; accountable care organizations (ACOs) and bundled payment programs have failed to have much effect on patient outcomes (48-55), but they have improved emphasis on prevention and population health and are broadly considered to be an important mechanism by which to advance further goals related to quality and outcomes. [DOI] [PubMed] [[Google Scholar](https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?journal=Health%20Affairs%20(Millwood&title=At%20federally%20funded%20health%20centers,%20Medicaid%20expansion%20was%20associated%20with%20improved%20quality%20of%20care&author=MB%20Cole&author=O%20Galarraga&author=IB%20Wilson&author=B%20Wright&author=AN%20Trivedi&volume=36&issue=1&publication_year=2017&pages=40-8&pmid=28069845&doi=10.1377/hlthaff.2016.0804&)] [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [[Google Scholar](https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?journal=Health%20Affairs%20(Millwood&title=Medicaid%20expansion%20and%20outpatient%20cardiovascular%20care%20use%20among%20low-income%20nonelderly%20adults,%202012%E2%80%9315&author=SAM%20Khatana&author=L%20Yang&author=LA%20Eberly&volume=42&issue=11&publication_year=2023&pages=1586-94&pmid=37931196&doi=10.1377/hlthaff.2023.00512&)] [DOI] [PubMed] [[Google Scholar](https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?journal=Health%20Affairs%20(Millwood&title=The%20ACA%20Medicaid%20expansion%20and%20perinatal%20insurance,%20health%20care%20use,%20and%20health%20outcomes:%20a%20systematic%20review&author=M%20Bellerose&author=L%20Collin&author=JR%20Daw&volume=41&issue=1&publication_year=2022&pages=60-8&pmid=34982621&doi=10.1377/hlthaff.2021.01150&)] [DOI] [PubMed] [[Google Scholar](https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?journal=Health%20Affairs%20(Millwood&title=Lack%20of%20access%20to%20specialists%20associated%20with%20mortality%20and%20preventable%20hospitalizations%20of%20rural%20Medicare%20beneficiaries&author=KJ%20Johnston&author=H%20Wen&author=KE%20Joynt%20Maddox&volume=38&issue=12&publication_year=2019&pages=1993-2002&pmid=31794307&doi=10.1377/hlthaff.2019.00838&)]
[181] Chronic Disease Prevention - Public Health Institute — Successful prevention strategies begin with recognizing the complex interplay of social factors that drive chronic disease, including poverty, racism, education, access to care and local community environments.
[182] Preventing Chronic Disease | The Evolution of the Steps Program, 2003 ... — The Steps program, formerly known as Steps to a HealthierUS, was the first Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) program to support a community-based, integrated approach to chronic disease prevention. Steps interventions addressed both diseases and risk factors, focusing on the 3 leading causes of preventable deaths in the United States — tobacco use, poor nutrition, and physical
[194] Defining Quality of Care - Medicare - NCBI Bookshelf — Quality of medical care is the capacity of that care to achieve the health care goals that are determined by the preferences and values of those patients and populations who receive it. Quality therefore depends on processes necessary to establish personal and societal goals as well as the proficiency with which medical knowledge and technology
[195] Quality of Care | CMS - Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services — Defining key terms: Quality of Care: The degree to which health services for individuals and populations increase the likelihood of desired health outcomes and are consistent with current professional knowledge.High quality care means that providers follow current best medical evidence and prioritize decisions that are consistent with peoples' values, needs, and preferences for a positive
[197] Understanding Quality Measurement - Agency for Healthcare Research and ... — The Institute of Medicine defines health care quality as "the degree to which health care services for individuals and populations increase the likelihood of desired health outcomes and are consistent with current professional knowledge." Quality Domains The Institute of Medicine further defines quality as having the following properties or
[198] Six Domains of Health Care Quality - Agency for Healthcare Research and ... — One of the most influential is the framework put forth by the Institute of Medicine (IOM), which includes the following six aims for the healthcare system. Safe: Avoiding harm to patients from the care that is intended to help them. Effective: Providing services based on scientific knowledge to all who could benefit and refraining from providing services to those not likely to benefit (avoiding underuse and misuse, respectively). Patient-centered: Providing care that is respectful of and responsive to individual patient preferences, needs, and values and ensuring that patient values guide all clinical decisions. Timely: Reducing waits and sometimes harmful delays for both those who receive and those who give care. Efficient: Avoiding waste, including waste of equipment, supplies, ideas, and energy. Equitable: Providing care that does not vary in quality because of personal characteristics such as gender, ethnicity, geographic location, and socioeconomic status.
[201] Using patient feedback to drive quality improvement in hospitals: a ... — Establishing a formal communication process with patients may be considered the first stage of patient involvement because obtaining feedback can provide the information needed to promote improvements in internal processes and support strategic planning.8 According to Hernan et al,9 implementing a patient feedback system involves the collection of feedback from patients through research and the analysis of the results by a designated team that later reports back to the health team for inclusion in the action plan. In addition to the interviews, we conducted a document analysis that included reviewing patient feedback forms, data consolidation reports, action plans, process standards and protocols for implementing improvements, as well as hospital secondary data, such as the institutional websites, social networks and the service site for registering consumer complaints.
[202] Patient feedback to improve quality of patient-centred care in public ... — To review systematically the published literature relating to interventions informed by patient feedback for improvement to quality of care in hospital settings. The papers reported on interventions to improve communication with patients, professional practices in continuity of care and care transitions, responsiveness to patients, patient education, the physical hospital environment, use of patient feedback by staff and on quality improvement projects. Interpersonal communications about health conditions and care transitions between patients and staff were the key area of intervention identified in improving patient experience in the studies in this review. However, the findings of this review can inform researchers, healthcare professionals, health systems and policy makers to focus on interventions, practice guidelines and strategies that incorporates patient feedback of their experience in patient-centred care improvement work.
[203] Using patient feedback to drive quality improvement in hospitals: a ... — However, despite the availability of different forms of patient feedback, their use in hospital management is still limited.4
[206] The Role of Health Policy in Improving Health Outcomes and Health ... — Policy focused on improving access to care through insurance coverage, such as the Affordable Care Act’s Medicaid expansion, has led to better health and reduced mortality. Here, the evidence is somewhat more mixed; accountable care organizations (ACOs) and bundled payment programs have failed to have much effect on patient outcomes (48-55), but they have improved emphasis on prevention and population health and are broadly considered to be an important mechanism by which to advance further goals related to quality and outcomes. [DOI] [PubMed] [[Google Scholar](https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?journal=Health%20Affairs%20(Millwood&title=At%20federally%20funded%20health%20centers,%20Medicaid%20expansion%20was%20associated%20with%20improved%20quality%20of%20care&author=MB%20Cole&author=O%20Galarraga&author=IB%20Wilson&author=B%20Wright&author=AN%20Trivedi&volume=36&issue=1&publication_year=2017&pages=40-8&pmid=28069845&doi=10.1377/hlthaff.2016.0804&)] [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [[Google Scholar](https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?journal=Health%20Affairs%20(Millwood&title=Medicaid%20expansion%20and%20outpatient%20cardiovascular%20care%20use%20among%20low-income%20nonelderly%20adults,%202012%E2%80%9315&author=SAM%20Khatana&author=L%20Yang&author=LA%20Eberly&volume=42&issue=11&publication_year=2023&pages=1586-94&pmid=37931196&doi=10.1377/hlthaff.2023.00512&)] [DOI] [PubMed] [[Google Scholar](https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?journal=Health%20Affairs%20(Millwood&title=The%20ACA%20Medicaid%20expansion%20and%20perinatal%20insurance,%20health%20care%20use,%20and%20health%20outcomes:%20a%20systematic%20review&author=M%20Bellerose&author=L%20Collin&author=JR%20Daw&volume=41&issue=1&publication_year=2022&pages=60-8&pmid=34982621&doi=10.1377/hlthaff.2021.01150&)] [DOI] [PubMed] [[Google Scholar](https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?journal=Health%20Affairs%20(Millwood&title=Lack%20of%20access%20to%20specialists%20associated%20with%20mortality%20and%20preventable%20hospitalizations%20of%20rural%20Medicare%20beneficiaries&author=KJ%20Johnston&author=H%20Wen&author=KE%20Joynt%20Maddox&volume=38&issue=12&publication_year=2019&pages=1993-2002&pmid=31794307&doi=10.1377/hlthaff.2019.00838&)]
[207] Improving Patient Outcomes Through Effective Hospital Administration: A ... — Keywords: healthcare policies, emerging technologies, quality improvement, healthcare leadership, patient outcomes, hospital administration It is imperative for hospital administrators to strategically manage their workforce to ensure that healthcare professionals are not only well-equipped but also motivated and engaged in delivering high-quality patient care . By equipping healthcare professionals with the knowledge and tools they need to excel in their roles, hospitals can enhance the quality of patient care, ultimately leading to improved patient outcomes . Administrators should also ensure that data-driven decision-making is ingrained in the hospital's culture, enabling healthcare teams to identify and address issues promptly, make evidence-based adjustments to care processes, and ultimately achieve better patient outcomes .
[215] Six Domains of Health Care Quality - Agency for Healthcare Research and ... — One of the most influential is the framework put forth by the Institute of Medicine (IOM), which includes the following six aims for the healthcare system. Safe: Avoiding harm to patients from the care that is intended to help them. Effective: Providing services based on scientific knowledge to all who could benefit and refraining from providing services to those not likely to benefit (avoiding underuse and misuse, respectively). Patient-centered: Providing care that is respectful of and responsive to individual patient preferences, needs, and values and ensuring that patient values guide all clinical decisions. Timely: Reducing waits and sometimes harmful delays for both those who receive and those who give care. Efficient: Avoiding waste, including waste of equipment, supplies, ideas, and energy. Equitable: Providing care that does not vary in quality because of personal characteristics such as gender, ethnicity, geographic location, and socioeconomic status.
[216] Standards and Evaluation of Healthcare Quality, Safety, and Person ... — Continuing Education Activity The function of quality management (QM) in general (or of healthcare quality management (HQM) in particular) is to improve quality, as defined herein, through data analysis and the identification of root causes (independent variables) of events. The article discusses quality regulation, tools for analyzing quality retrospectively and in real-time, and strategies for using interprofessional teams to deliver quality healthcare. Since Donabedian's writing, the assessment of healthcare quality has often been separated into 3 primary buckets: Structure: resources required to supply healthcare, including human and inanimate physical resources Process: methods, behaviors, and strategies Outcome: measurable results, which are more of a gold standard barometer than structure or process (see the definition of quality above). In the 20th and (primarily) 21st centuries, in response to the data and observation that American healthcare quality lags in many other countries, federal and other institutions began regulating certain facets of healthcare quality delivery. In summary, healthcare quality regulation is fragmented between government agencies, agencies established to determine quality standards for HCPs themselves, agencies established to determine quality standards for HQMs themselves, and other agencies with their own agendas in healthcare quality.
[217] Improving Patient Outcomes Through Effective Hospital Administration: A ... — Keywords: healthcare policies, emerging technologies, quality improvement, healthcare leadership, patient outcomes, hospital administration It is imperative for hospital administrators to strategically manage their workforce to ensure that healthcare professionals are not only well-equipped but also motivated and engaged in delivering high-quality patient care . By equipping healthcare professionals with the knowledge and tools they need to excel in their roles, hospitals can enhance the quality of patient care, ultimately leading to improved patient outcomes . Administrators should also ensure that data-driven decision-making is ingrained in the hospital's culture, enabling healthcare teams to identify and address issues promptly, make evidence-based adjustments to care processes, and ultimately achieve better patient outcomes .
[228] Principles of Clinical Ethics and Their Application to Practice — In patient care situations, not infrequently, there are conflicts between ethical principles (especially between beneficence and autonomy). Keywords: Ethics, Confidentiality, Autonomy, Informed consent, Professionalism, Integrated patient care model Respecting the principle of autonomy obliges the physician to disclose medical information and treatment options that are necessary for the patient to exercise self-determination and supports informed consent, truth-telling, and confidentiality. Hard paternalism is action by a physician, intended to benefit a patient, but contrary to the voluntary decision of an autonomous patient who is fully informed and competent, and is ethically indefensible. Application of principles of ethics in patient care In my conceptualized model of patient care (Fig. 1), medical knowledge, skills to apply that knowledge, technical skills, practice-based learning, and communication skills are partnered with ethical principles and professional virtues.
[229] Ethical Dilemmas and Conventionalism in Healthcare: A Scoping Review — The review highlights common ethical dilemmas in healthcare, underscoring the need for improved resource management, patient communication, and consistent ethical practices. Following the Population, Intervention, Comparison, and Outcome (PICO) framework, the review question was specifically designed to investigate the population (healthcare professionals facing ethical dilemmas), intervention (implementation of ethical decision-making frameworks), comparison (conventional approaches to ethics in healthcare), and outcome (effectiveness in resolving ethical issues and improving patient care outcomes). The formulated research question was "Do dental healthcare professionals face ethical dilemmas, and how does the use of structured ethical decision-making frameworks compare to conventional ethics practices in terms of resolving these ethical issues and improving patient care outcomes?" To identify relevant research, this review focused on full-text, English-language studies that address ethical dilemmas in healthcare or dentistry.
[230] AMA Principles of Medical Ethics — AMA Principles of Medical Ethics Today the Code is widely recognized as authoritative ethics guidance for physicians through its Principles of Medical Ethics interpreted in Opinions of AMA’s Council on Ethical and Judicial Affairs that address the evolving challenges of contemporary practice. AMA Principles of Medical Ethics A physician shall respect the rights of patients, colleagues, and other health professionals, and shall safeguard patient confidences and privacy within the constraints of the law. V. A physician shall continue to study, apply, and advance scientific knowledge, maintain a commitment to medical education, make relevant information available to patients, colleagues, and the public, obtain consultation, and use the talents of other health professionals when indicated.
[231] Medical Ethics - StatPearls - NCBI Bookshelf — Continuing Education Activity Medical ethics principles provide a framework for healthcare professionals to prioritize patients' well-being, dignity, and trust. However, the multitude of guidelines from different organizations can create confusion about essential rules. Understanding the origins and systematic application of medical ethics principles helps us develop a defensible hierarchy for
[236] Health Care Ethics: The Principal of Beneficence - AIHCP — The principle of beneficence plays a crucial role in healthcare ethics, emphasizing the responsibility of healthcare practitioners to act in their patients’ best interests. Beneficence is a core principle in nursing health care ethics, emphasizing the need to do good and promote the well-being of patients. The principle of beneficence plays a crucial role in medical ethics education, emphasizing the responsibility of healthcare providers to act in the best interests of patients. The principle of beneficence has a profound influence on healthcare ethics, shaping how medical professionals approach patient care and make crucial decisions. The four cornerstone principles of medical ethics are Beneficence (promoting good), non-maleficence (avoiding harm), Autonomy (respecting the patient’s right to make decisions), and Justice (ensuring fairness).
[242] Ethical Issues in Modern Medicine: A Thoughtful Exploration - MDForLives — Key takeaways on ethical dilemma in healthcare (examples and solutions) The rapid pace of technological and medical advancements has brought with it a myriad of complex ethical issues in modern medicine. Balancing patient autonomy, the duty to provide beneficent care and the fair allocation of resources requires constant reflection and debate.
[243] Principles of Clinical Ethics and Their Application to Practice — In patient care situations, not infrequently, there are conflicts between ethical principles (especially between beneficence and autonomy). Keywords: Ethics, Confidentiality, Autonomy, Informed consent, Professionalism, Integrated patient care model Respecting the principle of autonomy obliges the physician to disclose medical information and treatment options that are necessary for the patient to exercise self-determination and supports informed consent, truth-telling, and confidentiality. Hard paternalism is action by a physician, intended to benefit a patient, but contrary to the voluntary decision of an autonomous patient who is fully informed and competent, and is ethically indefensible. Application of principles of ethics in patient care In my conceptualized model of patient care (Fig. 1), medical knowledge, skills to apply that knowledge, technical skills, practice-based learning, and communication skills are partnered with ethical principles and professional virtues.
[246] Examples of Cultural Differences in Health and Social Care — In many cultures, family plays a central role in decision making. Example: In some African and Asian cultures, important health decisions are a family matter rather than the individual's sole responsibility. Solution: Involve family members in discussions. Understand the family dynamics and respect their input. Gender Roles Cultural Norms
[247] Cultural Religious Competence in Clinical Practice — Cultural competence is the ability of health providers and organizations to deliver health care services that meet the cultural, social, and religious needs of patients and their families. Health systems and healthcare providers are developing strategies and techniques to respond to the religious and spiritual needs of patients and families for a number of reasons. When individuals and systems are able to provide a positive environment of cultural competence that meets the religious and spiritual needs of those who are cared for, the outcome for patients improves, and the healthcare system as a whole becomes a more positive environment. Understanding the values and reasons for special requests for healthcare will improve cultural competence and provide culturally sensitive health care that is good for the patient and their families.
[248] Diverse Decisions: How Culture Affects Ethical Decision Making — By assessing each family’s cultural views, the critical care nurse can provide the culturally sensitive care which is essential not only for ethical decision making but also ensures optimally individualized care. Similarly, the critical care nurse’s culture affects the way in which the nurse evaluates families. Understanding cultural concepts enables the critical care nurse to bridge the difference between the patient and family’s cultures and the culture of the health care system to more fully advocate for the patient and facilitate ethical decision making. Next article in issue No articles found. All content on this site: Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V., its licensors, and contributors. For all open access content, the Creative Commons licensing terms apply.
[256] Ethical Issues in Modern Medicine: A Thoughtful Exploration - MDForLives — Ethical issues in medical genetics. ... Clinical trials are crucial for developing new treatments and therapies. However, ensuring that participants provide informed consent is an ongoing medical ethical dilemma case. Vulnerable populations, such as those with limited access to healthcare, may be disproportionately affected by the potential
[263] 7 Healthcare Trends That Will Transform Medicine In 2025 - Forbes — In 2025, personalized healthcare means more than just precision medicine – it’s about tapping into the power of AI and data to address every aspect of a patient’s unique needs. These technologies will help mental healthcare service providers overcome a number of challenges, including availability of resources, and stigma sometimes associated with seeking help for mental health problems. The explosion in the volume of health data – from our medical records to genomic information, and data collected from wearables – is leading to rapid advances in the science of healthcare. The future of healthcare isn't just about developing new technologies – it's about creating a sustainable ecosystem where innovation, security, and human expertise work in harmony to deliver better healthcare for all.
[265] Precision Medicine, AI, and the Future of Personalized Health Care — In a recent National Academy of Medicine report about the current and future state of artificial intelligence (AI) in health care, the authors noted “unprecedented opportunities” to augment the care of specialists and the assistance that AI provides in combating the realities of being human (including fatigue and inattention) and the risks of machine error. Both precision medicine and artificial intelligence (AI) techniques impact the goal of personalizing care in five ways: therapy planning using clincal, genomic or social and behavioral determinants of health, and risk prediction/diagnosis, using genomic or other variables. E. et al AI in Health Care: The Hope, the Hype, the Promise, the Peril (National Academy of Medicine, Washington, DC, 2019).
[267] PDF — AI's capabilities in data integration, genomic and molecular data analysis, predictive modeling, and personalized treatment development are highlighted. Keywords: Personalized Medicine; Artificial Intelligence; Machine Learning; Deep Learning; Genomic Sequencing; Predictive Modeling; Data Integration; Risk Assessment; Molecular Profiling; Precision Medicine; Drug Discovery 1. AI's role in analyzing data, developing predictive models, and personalizing treatment strategies is critical to the advancement of personalized medicine. AI’s ability to analyze complex data, develop predictive models, and personalize treatment plans is revolutionizing the field of medicine. Continued advancements in AI technologies, integration of multi-omics data, and addressing ethical considerations will further enhance the effectiveness and impact of personalized medicine. Additional Resources Books Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare by Adam Bohr and Kira Radinsky: A comprehensive overview of AI applications in healthcare, including personalized medicine.
[268] Innovation and challenges of artificial intelligence technology in ... — Through the introduction of innovative instruments such as virtual assistant chatbots, wearable monitoring devices, predictive analytic models, personalized treatment regimens, and automated appointment systems, AI is not only amplifying the quality of care but also empowering patients and fostering a more interactive dynamic between the patient and the healthcare provider. By continuously improving data interoperability, standardization, and integration technologies, and addressing policy and technical barriers, AI tools can better serve patients, providing more accurate and personalized health recommendations. Therefore, healthcare providers and policy makers must consider the limitations of these devices, take necessary preventive measures in clinical applications, avoid potential risks caused by inaccurate data, help researchers, clinicians, and policy makers better understand and apply AI technology, and ensure that patients can benefit from it.
[273] How Does Telemedicine Impact the Doctor-Patient Relationship? — The Future of Telemedicine . Integration with AI and Big Data. The future of telemedicine is closely linked with advancements in AI and big data. AI can assist in diagnosing conditions, predicting patient outcomes, and personalizing treatment plans. Big data analytics can help identify trends and improve population health management.
[274] Innovation and challenges of artificial intelligence technology in ... — Through the introduction of innovative instruments such as virtual assistant chatbots, wearable monitoring devices, predictive analytic models, personalized treatment regimens, and automated appointment systems, AI is not only amplifying the quality of care but also empowering patients and fostering a more interactive dynamic between the patient and the healthcare provider. By continuously improving data interoperability, standardization, and integration technologies, and addressing policy and technical barriers, AI tools can better serve patients, providing more accurate and personalized health recommendations. Therefore, healthcare providers and policy makers must consider the limitations of these devices, take necessary preventive measures in clinical applications, avoid potential risks caused by inaccurate data, help researchers, clinicians, and policy makers better understand and apply AI technology, and ensure that patients can benefit from it.
[275] The impact of artificial intelligence on remote healthcare: Enhancing ... — The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Remote Healthcare: Enhancing Patient Engagement, Connectivity, and Overcoming Challenges - ScienceDirect The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Remote Healthcare: Enhancing Patient Engagement, Connectivity, and Overcoming Challenges Artificial intelligence transforms telemedicine to improve diagnostics, real-time monitoring, and patient engagement in remote healthcare services. The incorporation of advanced telemedicine technologies is helping artificial intelligence transform remote healthcare in the enhancement of patient care, diagnostics, monitoring, and overall medical treatment. Key applications of AI, such as AI-enabled diagnostic systems, predictive analytics, and teleconsultation platforms, are reviewed for their strengths in overcoming the limitations of the traditional models of remote healthcare. For all open access content, the Creative Commons licensing terms apply.
[276] The Role of AI in Hospitals and Clinics: Transforming Healthcare in the ... — Keywords: artificial intelligence, clinical decision-making, ethical considerations in healthcare AI, healthcare technology, medical imaging and diagnostics However, it was not until the advancement of machine learning algorithms and the exponential increase in computational power and data availability that AI applications in healthcare truly began to flourish. Ethical considerations and challenges of AI integration, such as privacy, bias, and data security, are addressed, followed by a look at the future of AI in healthcare, considering its potential to improve patient outcomes and respond to global health crises. 175.Muehlematter U.J., Daniore P., Vokinger K.N. Approval of artificial intelligence and machine learning-based medical devices in the USA and Europe (2015–2020): A comparative analysis. 177.Johnson K.B., Wei W.Q., Weeraratne D., Frisse M.E., Misulis K., Rhee K., Zhao J., Snowdon J.L. Precision medicine, AI, and the future of personalized health care.
[280] The Top 10 Medical Advances in History - Osmosis Blog — A variety of important medical discoveries have revolutionized healthcare throughout history, radically transforming the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of disease. Throughout history, medical advances (particularly in the 19th and 20th centuries) have revolutionized how physicians understand, diagnose, and treat disease. In the last 25 years, doctors have developed various minimally invasive cardiac procedures to treat heart disease, negating many risks associated with open-heart surgery. While every little piece of knowledge improves our ability to diagnose and treat illness, these top ten medical advances have more than left their mark by drastically improving the life expectancy and health outcomes of millions of people. With so many rapid technological advancements, scientists can better understand, investigate, and develop treatments, building on these discoveries to improve health outcomes globally.