Dialysis is a biomedical research field and clinical practice centered on the investigation and application of processes for removing waste products, excess fluid, and electrolytes from the blood in individuals with impaired kidney function. This area of study examines the fundamental principles of solute and fluid transport across semipermeable membranes, develops and evaluates technologies for extracorporeal or peritoneal blood purification, and assesses the clinical efficacy, safety, and long-term outcomes of these interventions for managing acute and chronic renal failure, representing a critical life-sustaining therapy and a key focus for advancements in artificial organ support systems.