Table of Contents
Overview
Definition and Types
Diabetes is a chronic metabolic disease characterized by elevated levels of blood glucose, which can lead to serious complications affecting the heart, blood vessels, eyes, kidneys, and nerves over time.[1.1] The most prevalent form of diabetes is type 2 diabetes, which primarily affects adults and occurs when the body becomes resistant to insulin or fails to produce sufficient insulin.[1.1] In the United States alone, type 2 diabetes affects more than 36 million individuals and is the leading cause of diabetes-related complications, including blindness and amputations.[2.1] Diabetes is a chronic, metabolic disease characterized by elevated levels of blood glucose, which can lead to serious health complications over time, including damage to the heart, blood vessels, eyes, kidneys, and nerves.[1.1] It is classified into three main types: type 1, type 2, and gestational diabetes.[1.1] Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease where the immune system attacks and destroys insulin-producing cells in the body. The prevalence of type 1 diabetes is rising globally, particularly among children under the age of five.[1.1] Type 2 diabetes, the most common form, typically occurs in adults and is associated with insulin resistance or insufficient insulin production. Over the past three decades, the incidence of type 2 diabetes has dramatically increased across various income levels.[1.1] Gestational diabetes occurs during pregnancy and usually resolves after childbirth; however, it can increase the risk of developing type 2 diabetes later in life.[1.1] Effective treatment strategies are essential for managing diabetes and preventing its complications, as access to affordable treatment, including insulin, is critical for those living with the condition.[1.1]History
Early Descriptions and Discoveries
Diabetes has been recognized for over two millennia, with its earliest descriptions attributed to ancient civilizations such as those in India, Egypt, and China, where symptoms resembling diabetes were documented.[66.1] The term "diabetes" was first coined by Aretaeus of Cappadocia in the 2nd century AD, who provided an accurate description of the condition.[42.1] In the 17th century, Thomas Willis added the term "mellitus," derived from the Latin word for honey, to describe the sweet taste of urine associated with the disease.[42.1] Throughout history, various cultures have sought ways to manage diabetes using available resources, with knowledge of the disease dating back at least 2,000 years.[69.1] Ancient remedies often involved dietary changes and natural ingredients, such as oil of roses, dates, raw quinces, and medicinal herbs like fenugreek and bitter melon.[69.1][68.1] These treatments reflected the cultural beliefs and practices of the time, showcasing a blend of traditional medicine and early scientific understanding.[69.1] During the medieval period, Islamic scholars made significant advancements in diabetes management by advocating for balanced diets and specific herbal treatments, contributing to the evolution of diabetes care.[68.1] The introduction of insulin in 1921 marked a transformative moment in diabetes treatment, leading to the development of new therapies that improved glycemia and increased patient lifespan.[44.1] Significant contributions from key figures in the early 20th century, such as Eugene Opie, who demonstrated a pathological connection between diabetes and damage to the islets of Langerhans, laid the groundwork for the discovery of insulin.[46.1] The term "insuline" was coined in 1909, prompting further research on pancreatic extracts to lower glucose levels in diabetes models.[47.1] This collaborative effort among researchers culminated in the successful extraction of insulin in 1921, marking a pivotal advancement in diabetes treatment.[49.1]Milestones in Treatment Development
The treatment of diabetes has undergone significant transformations over the centuries, marked by pivotal discoveries and advancements that have shaped current management practices. In the early 19th century, diabetes was poorly understood, with no effective treatments available, leading to high mortality rates shortly after the onset of symptoms.[57.1] The introduction of dietary management was one of the earliest approaches, where highly restricted diets, including the so-called starvation diet, were employed to manage the condition.[56.1] The discovery of insulin in 1921 marked a revolutionary turning point in diabetes treatment, transforming type 1 diabetes from a fatal disease into a manageable chronic condition.[60.1] This breakthrough not only improved survival rates but also inspired early recipients of insulin to dedicate their lives to diabetes care.[54.1] Following this, the development of human insulin through DNA technology further enhanced treatment efficacy and reduced side effects, ushering in a new era of diabetes management characterized by advanced technologies such as insulin pumps and continuous glucose monitoring.[59.1] Over the past two decades, significant advancements have also been made in diabetes education and self-management strategies. The establishment of the National Diabetes Education Program (NDEP) aimed to translate research findings into practical applications for clinical and public health.[51.1] Diabetes self-management education (DSME) has become a fundamental component of diabetes care, equipping patients with the necessary knowledge and skills for effective self-management.[53.1] Moreover, advancements in the treatment of diabetes-related complications have been notable, including improvements in kidney transplantation and laser therapy for diabetic retinopathy, which have significantly enhanced patient outcomes.[58.1] The evolution of diabetes treatment continues to be driven by ongoing research and technological innovations, promising further improvements in the management of this chronic condition.Causes And Risk Factors
Type 1 Diabetes
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is primarily characterized by the autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing pancreatic β cells, leading to insulin deficiency. This condition results in hyperglycaemia, ketoacidosis, and various vascular complications. As of 2021, over 8.4 million individuals were diagnosed with T1D globally, with projections suggesting an increase to approximately 13.5 to 17.4 million by 2040.[113.1] Despite extensive research, the etiology of T1D remains incompletely understood, which contributes to the challenges in developing effective treatments.[114.1] Management of T1D involves several critical components beyond insulin therapy. These include glucose monitoring, disease-specific education, dietary adjustments, and lifestyle modifications. Effective diabetes self-management education encompasses training on blood glucose monitoring, insulin administration, ketone testing, nutrition education, and strategies for avoiding and treating hypoglycemia. Continuous support from the diabetes care team is essential for assessing insulin regimens and blood glucose control.[116.1] Insulin resistance is a reversible evolutionary preserved mechanism that plays a crucial role in ensuring survival. This phenomenon has been historically overlooked in the context of Type 1 Diabetes (T1D), where the presence of insulin resistance has long been neglected.[115.1] Chronic insulin resistance, often accompanied by a compensatory increase in insulin release, is a hallmark of obesity, Type 2 Diabetes (T2D), and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD).[115.1] Understanding the implications of insulin resistance in T1D is essential, as it can influence disease management strategies and treatment approaches.[115.1]Type 2 Diabetes
Type 2 diabetes is a chronic condition that arises from a combination of genetic and environmental factors, leading to the body's inability to effectively utilize insulin and resulting in elevated blood sugar levels. A significant risk factor for developing type 2 diabetes is a family history of the disease, indicating a hereditary component.[84.1] Additionally, obesity is recognized as the single greatest risk factor for type 2 diabetes, underscoring the influence of lifestyle choices on the likelihood of developing this condition.[88.1] Other factors that may increase the risk include weight, age, family history, and ethnicity.[89.1] Understanding these risk factors is crucial for assessing individual susceptibility to type 2 diabetes. Type 2 diabetes is a chronic illness that affects more than 37 million Americans, which is about one out of every 10 people.[87.1] The condition develops when the pancreas does not produce enough insulin, and the body experiences difficulty in using insulin effectively, a phenomenon known as insulin resistance.[86.1] Symptoms of type 2 diabetes can develop gradually over several years and may include increased thirst, frequent urination, extreme hunger even after eating, blurred vision, fatigue, and slow-healing sores.[86.1] Additionally, individuals with type 2 diabetes may experience frequent infections, such as urinary tract infections, skin infections, or yeast infections.[86.1] The primary feature of diabetes is high blood sugar levels, also referred to as blood glucose levels, which occurs when the body struggles to utilize the sugar obtained from food for energy.[87.1] Lifestyle factors play a crucial role in the risk of developing type 2 diabetes. Modifiable factors such as weight, physical activity, and dietary habits significantly influence an individual's risk.[90.1] Studies have shown that lifestyle interventions, including healthy diet and increased physical activity, can lead to a substantial reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes. For instance, participants in lifestyle change programs have demonstrated a 27% lower incidence of type 2 diabetes over 15 years compared to those who did not engage in such programs.[94.1] Research has shown that the impact of obesity and unfavorable lifestyle choices on the risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D) is accentuated by genetic predisposition. A study conducted within the Diet, Cancer and Health cohort in Denmark examined the joint association of genetic predisposition, obesity, and lifestyle factors with the incidence of T2D, highlighting the significant role these elements play in the disease's onset.[95.1] Furthermore, epidemiological evidence from three large US cohorts—the Nurses' Health Study, Nurses' Health Study 2, and the Health Professionals' Follow-up Study—has provided valuable insights into how overall diet, specific foods and nutrients, physical activity, and other lifestyle factors contribute to the development of T2D.[97.1] This body of research underscores the importance of understanding both genetic and lifestyle factors in formulating effective prevention strategies for type 2 diabetes.[96.1]In this section:
Recent Advancements
Technological Innovations in Management
Technological innovations have significantly transformed diabetes management and education, providing individuals and healthcare professionals with advanced tools to enhance care. In diabetes management, technologies such as connected blood glucose meters, continuous glucose monitors, insulin pumps, and automated insulin delivery systems facilitate real-time monitoring and management of blood glucose levels, thereby improving patient outcomes and enabling more personalized care.[134.1] In parallel, diabetes education has been revolutionized by digital health technologies, including video and audio coaching, web-based education, and mobile app-based learning, which offer flexibility, a wider reach, and easier engagement with healthcare providers.[135.1] The integration of mobile health solutions with in-person or virtual augmented reality sessions further enhances the learning experience, making it more interactive and effective for patients.[135.1] As technology continues to evolve, it has become an essential component of diabetes care, with individuals and clinicians employing a range of tools, including data-sharing platforms, telehealth, remote monitoring, and smartphone applications to improve health outcomes.[134.1]New Treatment Approaches
Recent advancements in diabetes management have introduced a variety of innovative treatment approaches aimed at improving glycemic control and reducing complications associated with the disease. These advancements encompass a range of therapeutic regimens, including nanotechnology, gene therapy, stem cell therapy, medical nutrition therapy, and lifestyle modifications, which collectively represent a significant evolution in diabetes care.[126.1] Among the most promising developments are novel pharmacological agents such as incretin mimetics, SGLT2 inhibitors, and GLP-1 receptor agonists. These drugs have demonstrated efficacy in enhancing glycemic control and mitigating the risk of diabetes-related complications.[128.1] Furthermore, the American Diabetes Association (ADA) has updated its Standards of Care to include recommendations for new treatment modalities, such as thyroid hormone receptor-β agonists for specific patient populations, highlighting the ongoing evolution of diabetes management strategies.[129.1] Stem cell therapy has emerged as a potential game-changer in diabetes treatment, with preliminary studies indicating its ability to restore β-cell function and modulate immune responses. Recent clinical trials have shown encouraging results, particularly with autologous islet tissue derived from endoderm stem cells in patients with type 2 diabetes.[137.1] Advances in the differentiation of human stem cells into pancreatic islet cells suggest that stem cell-derived therapies could provide tangible alternatives to conventional treatments for both type 1 and type 2 diabetes.[138.1] Gene therapy is also gaining traction as a transformative approach in diabetes management. It offers the potential for long-term solutions by targeting the underlying causes of the disease, such as the regeneration or preservation of pancreatic β cells to optimize insulin secretion.[142.1] Current research supports the notion that gene therapy could provide a long-term cure for diabetes, surpassing the limitations of existing pharmacotherapies.[141.1] Despite advancements in diabetes treatment, significant challenges remain in implementing these therapies on a global scale. One of the primary challenges is effectively translating trial results into widespread clinical practice, particularly for innovative approaches such as stem cell therapy, which shows promise in the treatment of diabetes.[139.1] Educating patients in self-care plays a key role in diabetes management and is routinely included in the care of individuals with diabetes. Patient education can be delivered through individual or group sessions, addressing patients' rights and their ability to influence and participate in their own care and treatment.[148.1] As new therapeutic options emerge, it is essential for healthcare providers to focus on empowering patients to change their lifestyle, maintain an adequate diet, engage in physical activity, and manage their disease effectively.[148.1]In this section:
Management And Lifestyle
Dietary Recommendations
Dietary recommendations for individuals managing diabetes highlight the significance of a balanced macronutrient intake to aid in blood sugar management. For those with diabetes, consuming the appropriate mix of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats is essential, although tracking the right ratios can be challenging.[197.1] Dr. Jedha suggests a macronutrient distribution of 10-20% carbohydrates and 15-25% protein, emphasizing that fats, which do not directly impact blood sugar levels, are also a vital component of a diabetes management plan.[197.1] This balanced approach is crucial for effective blood sugar control and overall health in individuals with diabetes.[197.1] Medical nutrition therapy (MNT) has been recognized as an effective strategy for managing diabetes, with clinical trials and systematic reviews indicating that nutrition therapy interventions can lead to an approximate 1-2% reduction in hemoglobin A1c levels, depending on the type and duration of diabetes as well as the level of glycemic control.[199.1] The primary objectives of MNT include achieving and maintaining optimal blood glucose levels, improving lipid and lipoprotein profiles to mitigate the risk of macrovascular disease, and managing blood pressure.[200.1] Importantly, there are no universally applicable macronutrient ratios or eating patterns for all individuals with diabetes, highlighting the need for personalized dietary plans.[199.1] Specific dietary patterns have also shown promise in managing diabetes. The Mediterranean diet, for instance, has been associated with significant reductions in body weight and HbA1c levels, while vegan and macrobiotic diets have demonstrated improvements in glycemic control.[215.1] Additionally, the vegetarian diet has been linked to enhanced insulin sensitivity and weight reduction.[215.1] For practical meal planning, the Plate Model is a recommended strategy. This model suggests filling half of the plate with non-starchy vegetables, a quarter with whole grains or starchy vegetables, and the remaining quarter with protein sources such as fish, legumes, or nuts.[216.1] Furthermore, counting carbohydrates and utilizing the plate method can simplify meal planning, making it easier for individuals to manage their blood sugar levels effectively.[217.1] Engaging with a diabetes educator can also provide personalized guidance in creating a healthy meal plan tailored to individual needs.[217.1]Exercise and Lifestyle Modifications
Lifestyle modifications are essential in managing diabetes, particularly for individuals diagnosed with prediabetes. It is recommended that these individuals be referred to a structured intensive lifestyle intervention program, such as the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's National Diabetes Prevention Program (National DPP).[178.1] These programs are research-based and have been proven to help prevent and delay the development of type 2 diabetes. They typically emphasize achieving a weight loss of 7% of body weight and engaging in at least 150 minutes of moderate-intensity physical activity each week.[179.1] Research indicates that participation in CDC-recognized lifestyle change programs can reduce the risk of developing type 2 diabetes by more than half, demonstrating that small, sustained lifestyle changes can significantly impact health outcomes over time.[179.1] Effective management of diabetes requires not only structured programs but also significant lifestyle modifications. Key strategies include maintaining a healthy diet, achieving and sustaining a healthy weight, and engaging in regular physical activity, all of which are essential for successful diabetes management.[183.1] For example, the DASH diet has been shown to reduce the risk of developing type 2 diabetes by 20%, while also improving cardiovascular health.[181.1] Additionally, it is crucial for individuals with diabetes to monitor their blood sugar levels, as this practice helps them understand how various foods and activities influence their blood sugar.[182.1] However, it is important to remember that tracking blood sugar is just one aspect of diabetes management; lifestyle changes, including a balanced diet and regular exercise, play an equally vital role in achieving optimal health outcomes.[182.1] Moreover, lifestyle factors such as stress management and smoking cessation are critical. Stress can adversely affect blood sugar levels, and smoking is associated with increased complications from diabetes.[184.1] Therefore, addressing these lifestyle factors is equally important in the comprehensive management of diabetes.Complications And Health Impacts
Long-term Health Risks
Long-term health risks associated with diabetes are significant and multifaceted, primarily affecting cardiovascular health, kidney function, and sensory organs. Individuals with diabetes face a markedly increased risk of cardiovascular diseases, including heart attack and stroke, with the likelihood of these events being twice as high compared to those without diabetes.[218.1] This heightened risk is attributed to the damage caused by prolonged high blood sugar levels, which can lead to atherosclerosis and other cardiovascular complications.[233.1] Moreover, diabetes can result in severe complications affecting various organs. For instance, it is linked to kidney failure, eye diseases such as retinopathy and glaucoma, and nerve damage, collectively referred to as diabetic neuropathy.[221.1] Approximately 2 out of 3 individuals with diabetes are at risk for these complications, which can severely impact quality of life and lead to disability.[219.1] The long-term effects of diabetes can lead to significant health complications, including damage to both large and small blood vessels, which increases the risk of heart attack and stroke, as well as issues with the kidneys, eyes, feet, and nerves.[222.1] However, individuals can lower their risk of these diabetes-related complications by making healthy lifestyle changes, recognizing warning signs, and attending regular healthcare visits.[221.1] Effective management of blood sugar levels can reduce the risk of eye disease, kidney disease, and nerve disease by up to 40%, while proper blood pressure management can decrease the risk of heart disease and stroke by 33% to 50%.[227.1] Regular screening is also essential for the early detection of diabetes-related health problems, which can further mitigate long-term risks.[222.1]Research And Future Directions
Emerging Therapies and Technologies
Emerging therapies and technologies in diabetes management are rapidly evolving, driven by advancements in research and the integration of artificial intelligence (AI). Continuous glucose monitors (CGMs) and GLP drugs represent significant technological advancements that enhance diabetes management and patient engagement, offering a more intuitive and responsive approach to care.[262.1] Furthermore, research into islet cell technology and genetic modification is not only indicative of the commitment to curing diabetes but also provides renewed hope for patients seeking relief from the disease.[262.1] A promising strategy for individuals with type 1 diabetes involves replacing lost insulin-producing beta-cells, which may improve glucose control.[263.1] The American Diabetes Association (ADA) has played a pivotal role in driving discovery and research aimed at treating, managing, and preventing diabetes, while also advocating for a cure.[264.1] Recent studies have utilized AI and machine learning to uncover hidden subtypes of Type 2 diabetes, challenging conventional wisdom and paving the way for personalized care.[265.1] Machine learning applications are also being explored for predicting diabetic nephropathy risk, offering a more selective and cost-effective screening method.[266.1] The importance of early identification and individualized management through machine learning-based diabetes prediction has been emphasized, with various methods demonstrating significant accuracy.[267.1] AI's transformative potential in diabetes management is underscored by its ability to analyze vast amounts of data from diverse sources, such as CGMs and electronic health records, thereby enhancing personalized care and improving glycemic control.[269.1] However, the integration of AI into diabetes care also presents challenges, including the need for robust research, secure data practices, and ethical considerations to ensure equitable implementation.[278.1]In this section:
References
[1] Diabetes - World Health Organization (WHO) — © Credits Diabetes Overview Diabetes is a chronic, metabolic disease characterized by elevated levels of blood glucose (or blood sugar), which leads over time to serious damage to the heart, blood vessels, eyes, kidneys and nerves. The most common is type 2 diabetes, usually in adults, which occurs when the body becomes resistant to insulin or doesn't make enough insulin. In the past 3 decades the prevalence of type 2 diabetes has risen dramatically in countries of all income levels. For people living with diabetes, access to affordable treatment, including insulin, is critical to their survival. Effective approaches are available to prevent type 2 diabetes and to prevent the complications and premature death that can result from all types of diabetes.
[2] Diabetes: An Overview - WebMD — Type 2 diabetes is the most common form of diabetes, affecting more than 36 million Americans. It's the leading cause of diabetes-related complications such as blindness, amputations, and chronic
[42] Milestones in the history of diabetes mellitus: The main contributors — In the 2nd century AD Aretaeus of Cappadocia provided the first accurate description of diabetes, coining the term diabetes, while in 17th century Thomas Willis added the term mellitus to the disease, in an attempt to describe the extremely sweet taste of the urine. The contribution of leading medical figures such as Aretaeus of Cappadocia, Thomas Willis, Claude Bernard, Oskar Minkowski, Joseph von Mering, Frederick Banting and Charles Best is mentioned, in an attempt to highlight the development of our current knowledge in diabetes mellitus. In 1920, Moses Barron, physician in Minnesota, published an article on “The relation of the islets of Langerhans to diabetes, with special reference to cases of pancreatic lithiasis which was mentioning that the continuation of experiments of Minkowski and von Mering could lead to the discovery of a substance capable to control diabetes.
[44] The Evolution of Diabetes Treatment Through the Ages: From Starvation ... — Diabetes is an ancient disease and for centuries extreme diets and herbal remedies were used to treat diabetes symptoms. The discovery of insulin in 1921 transformed the landscape of diabetes treatment and was followed by the discovery of several new therapies which improved glycemia and increased patient life span. However, as patients with
[46] The discovery of insulin revisited: lessons for the modern era — Eugene Opie in 1901 showed a pathological connection between diabetes and damage to the islets of Langerhans , and many other investigators laid the groundwork for the discovery of insulin during the first two decades of the 20th century with important advances that revealed the workings of what came to be known as endocrine glands and hormones.
[47] A century of insulin: from lifesaving discovery to a journey of ... — As early as 1909 the term 'insuline' from the Latin word 'insula' - meaning 'island'- was coined and eventually led to it being called insulin. During the early part of the 20th century several investigators used extracts of the pancreas to lower glucose levels in animal models of diabetes, but an inability to remove impurities
[49] PDF — Throughout history, up to the early part of the 20th century, diabetes has been a devastating disorder, particularly when diagnosed in childhood when it was usually fatal. Consequently, the successful pancreatic extraction of insulin in 1921 was a miraculous, life-changing advance. In this review, the truly transformative effect that insulin
[51] The National Diabetes Education Program at 20 Years: Lessons Learned ... — The National Diabetes Education Program (NDEP) was established to translate findings from diabetes research studies into clinical and public health practic ... Significant advances in the treatment for T1D and T2D and primary prevention for those with prediabetes have occurred during the past 20 years. ... For Life; Small Steps. Big Rewards
[53] Group Education Strategies for Diabetes Self-Management — Diabetes self-management education (DSME) is recognized as a fundamental component of diabetes care. 1 The goal of DSME is to help patients acquire the knowledge, information, self-care practices, coping skills, and attitudes required for the effective self-management of their diabetes. Several reviews and meta-analyses have found DSME interventions to have a positive impact on diabetes
[54] Some historical perspectives on the study and treatment of diabetes ... — The introduction of insulin treatment in the 20th century transformed type 1 diabetes from a death sentence to a long-term condition, inspiring some early recipients to dedicate their lives to diabetes care. ... It was much written about in the 19th century, as can be seen in our digitised books from this time. In 1923, Alan Nabarro (1914
[56] Diabetes Remedies Before Insulin | Smithsonian Institution — The most effective treatments for diabetes involved highly restricted diets which included very few carbohydrates. In the early twentieth century the so-called starvation diet, or under-nutrition treatment was devised. Some of the patients kept alive on these diets were among the first to receive insulin after its discovery in 1922.
[57] History of diabetes: early science, early treatment, insulin — By the early 19th century, there were no statistics about how common diabetes was, there was no effective treatment, and people usually died within weeks to months of first showing symptoms. Early
[58] The Past 200 Years in Diabetes | NEJM - New England Journal of Medicine — The beneficial effects of angiotensin-receptor blockade, angiotensin-converting–enzyme inhibition, and protein restriction in preventing diabetic nephropathy have been shown.29–34 Advances in kidney transplantation have extended the lives of patients with advanced diabetic kidney disease, and laser photocoagulation has preserved the vision of millions of patients with diabetic retinopathy.35 Advances in islet-cell and pancreas transplantation have also been impressive.36,37 Recent evidence exemplified by the results of two randomized, controlled clinical trials reported this past spring in the Journal suggests that bariatric surgery to induce weight loss in patients with type 2 diabetes is much more effective than either standard or intensive medical therapy alone in lowering glucose levels and even in achieving disease remission.38,39 Advances in technology have thus profoundly improved our ability to monitor diabetic control (from urine testing to home glucose meters to continuous glucose monitoring) and to treat this disease and its complications (laser therapy for diabetic retinopathy, kidney transplantation for diabetic renal disease, and bariatric surgery to induce disease remission).
[59] The Remarkable History of Diabetes Uncovered - Diabetes Research Connection — Human insulin made with DNA technology has helped people with diabetes by improving treatment and reducing side effects. With the discovery of human insulin, the world of diabetes treatment entered a new era. Insulin pumps, glucose monitoring, and diabetes management have improved a lot with groundbreaking technologies and our knowledge. Diabetes history has seen many discoveries, from ancient times to modern glucose monitors and insulin pumps. Their research paved the way for the advances of diabetic management for those living with the condition. At the Diabetes Research Connection, we support cutting-edge research and raise funding for the next generation of discoveries in the treatment of Type 1 Diabetes, driving hope for better management and potential cures.
[60] Milestones in diabetes - Nature — A history of insulin: initial discovery to first use in the treatment of T1D ... which revolutionized the management of patients with type 1 diabetes. The past 100 years have seen seismic shifts
[66] PDF — treatment has evolved over millennia, reflecting advancements in medical knowledge and cultural practices. The historical roots of diabetes can be traced back to ancient civilizations such as Egypt, India, and China, where descriptions of symptoms resembling diabetes were documented. Early
[68] International Journal of Diabetes and Technology — diabetes through symptoms such as excessive thirst and urination. They used "natural" treatments, such as dietary restrictions, physical exercise, and medicinal herbs such as fenugreek and bitter melon. Islamic scholars in the medieval period made significant advancements, recommending balanced diets and specific herbal treatments. In Europe, the preinsulin era saw the implementation of
[69] Ancient Remedies for Diabetes: Exploring Traditional Approaches to ... — Throughout history, various cultures have sought ways to manage diabetes using the resources available to them. Ancient remedies for diabetes often involved a combination of dietary changes and natural ingredients, showcasing a blend of traditional medicine and early scientific understanding. These approaches paved the way for modern treatments, highlighting the importance of food and natural
[84] Causes of Diabetes — Underlying genetic disposition may also be a type 1 diabetes cause. Type 2 diabetes causes . Type 2 diabetes causes are usually multifactorial - more than one diabetes cause is involved. Often, the most overwhelming factor is a family history of type 2 diabetes. This is the most likely type 2 diabetes cause.
[86] Symptoms & Causes of Diabetes - NIDDK - National Institute of Diabetes ... — Common symptoms of diabetes include increased urination feeling very thirsty feeling very hungry, even after you have eaten blurred vision fatigue sores that do not heal frequent infections, such as urinary tract infections, skin infections, or yeast infections There are different types of diabetes. Type 2 diabetes symptoms Symptoms of type 2 diabetes can develop slowly, over several years. Type 1 diabetes develops when the body’s immune system destroys the cells in the pancreas that make insulin. Type 2 diabetes develops when your pancreas doesn’t produce enough insulin, and your body has trouble using insulin, a condition called insulin resistance. Gestational diabetes occurs when your body can’t make the extra insulin that you need during pregnancy.
[87] What is Diabetes? Types, Symptoms, and Causes - Harvard Health — Sleep hygiene: Simple practices for better rest / Diabetes Reviewed by Mallika Marshall, MD, Contributing Editor Diabetes occurs when the body has trouble using the sugar it gets from food for energy. Sugar builds up in the bloodstream. There are two main types of diabetes: type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes. Diabetes (known formally as diabetes mellitus) is a chronic illness affecting more than 37 million Americans — about one out of every 10 people. Its primary feature is high blood sugar levels, also called blood glucose levels.
[88] Diabetes Risk Factors: Genetics, Environmental, and More - Healthline — Type 2 Diabetes Managing Type 2 Diabetes Type 2 Diabetes Type 2 Diabetes Diabetes Risk Factors What is diabetes? Gestational diabetes is a condition that causes women to have very high blood sugar levels during pregnancy. Family history of type 1 diabetes is considered a risk factor. What lifestyle factors affect diabetes risk? For type 1 diabetes, it’s unclear if there are any lifestyle related risk factors. According to the American Academy of Family Physicians, obesity is the single greatest risk factor for type 2 diabetes. What medical conditions affect diabetes risk? About diabetes: Risk factors. Risk factors for type 2 diabetes. Type 1 diabetes. Type 2 diabetes. What is diabetes? Type 2 diabetes may impact your sleep, especially if you're having trouble managing your blood sugar levels.
[89] Risk Factors for Type 2 Diabetes - NIDDK — Learn about the factors that increase your chances of developing type 2 diabetes, such as weight, age, family history, and ethnicity. Find out how to measure your BMI and waist circumference, and take the Diabetes Risk Test to assess your risk.
[90] Diabetes Risk Factors - American Heart Association — Learn about the modifiable and non-modifiable factors that increase your risk for prediabetes and Type 2 diabetes. Find out how to manage your weight, physical activity, blood pressure and smoking to prevent or delay diabetes and heart disease.
[94] Prevention of Type 2 Diabetes by Lifestyle Changes: A Systematic Review ... — In the Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study (FDPS) , 522 individuals with IGT were randomized into a control or lifestyle intervention group (healthy diet and physical activity promotion). In three trials consisting a total of 3855 participants with a median follow-up of 13 years , lifestyle intervention was associated with significantly lower T2D risk compared to control groups (RR = 0.63 [95% CI: 0.54, 0.74], p < 0.001) with no evidence of inter-study heterogeneity (I2 = 0%, p = 0.76). Among the diabetes prevention trials which have examined follow-up data, only the Chinese Da Qing Diabetes Prevention Outcome Study has reported lower mortality and morbidity from any cause and cardiovascular disease in the people with IGT randomized into lifestyle intervention groups (Table 5).
[95] Obesity, unfavourable lifestyle and genetic risk of type 2 diabetes: a ... — Aims/hypothesis: We aimed to investigate whether the impact of obesity and unfavourable lifestyle on type 2 diabetes risk is accentuated by genetic predisposition. Methods: We examined the joint association of genetic predisposition, obesity and unfavourable lifestyle with incident type 2 diabetes using a case-cohort study nested within the Diet, Cancer and Health cohort in Denmark.
[96] Gene-Lifestyle Interaction and Type 2 Diabetes: The EPIC ... - PLOS — In this study, Wareham and colleagues quantified the combined effects of genetic and lifestyle factors on risk of T2D in order to inform strategies for prevention. The authors found that the relative effect of a type 2 diabetes genetic risk score is greater in younger and leaner participants, and the high absolute risk associated with obesity at any level of genetic risk highlights the
[97] Diet, lifestyle, and genetic risk factors for type 2 diabetes: a review ... — Abstract. The epidemiological evidence collected from three large US cohorts (Nurses' Health Study, Nurses' Health Study 2, and Health Professionals' Follow-up Study) has yielded important information regarding the roles of overall diet, individual foods and nutrients, physical activity and other lifestyle factors in the development of type 2 diabetes.
[113] Biological function of type 1 regulatory cells and their role in type 1 ... — Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a chronic autoimmune disease characterised by insulin deficiency, which is induced by the loss and dysfunction of pancreatic β cells, resulting in hyperglycaemia, ketoacidosis, and vascular complications .Over 8.4 million patients were diagnosed with T1D worldwide in 2021, and the number is expected to increase to approximately 13.5-17.4 million in 2040 .
[114] Mechanisms underlying type 1 diabetes - ScienceDirect — Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disease characterized by destruction of insulin-producing pancreatic β cells. Although a wealth of information is available, the etiology of type 1 diabetes is still incompletely understood and this is certainly an important factor explaining the lack of effective treatments.
[115] Insulin Resistance in Type 1 Diabetes: Pathophysiological, Clinical ... — Insulin resistance is a reversible evolutionary preserved mechanism to ensure survival ().Chronic insulin resistance along with a compensatory increase in insulin release is a hallmark of obesity, type 2 diabetes (T2D), and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) ().The presence of insulin resistance in type 1 diabetes (T1D) has long been neglected and any insulin
[116] Type 1 Diabetes - StatPearls - NCBI Bookshelf — Besides insulin therapy, glucose monitoring, disease-specific education, diet, and lifestyle modifications are cornerstones of type 1 diabetes management. Diabetes self-management education and support should include training on blood glucose monitoring, insulin administration, ketone testing when indicated, nutrition education, methods to avoid and treat hypoglycemia, and sick day rules. History of prior diabetes education, monitoring of blood glucose and ketones, administration of insulin, and recognition and treatment of hypoglycemia should be obtained. Following the initial evaluation and diabetes visit, the diabetes care team should continue to provide T1D education and support while assessing the patient's insulin regimen and blood glucose control. Self-management of type 1 diabetes (T1D) involves MDI or insulin administration via an insulin pump, along with glucose monitoring and careful attention to diet and physical activity.
[126] Current Advances in the Management of Diabetes Mellitus — Our findings indicate that substantial progress has been made in DM management with promising results using different treatment regimens, including nanotechnology, gene therapy, stem cell, medical nutrition therapy, and lifestyle modification. Consequently, this narrative review exploits different alternative therapeutic regimen for the management of two forms of DM, including nanotechnology, stem cell technology, gene therapy, medical nutrition therapy, lifestyle modification and the challenges associated with these techniques. Keywords and subject headings employed include diabetes mellitus, hyperglyceamia, management of DM, T2DM, nanotechnology in diabetes, gene therapy in DM management and current treatment, etc. 72.Dong H., Altomonte J., Morral N., Meseck M., Thung S.N., Woo S.L.C. Basal insulin gene expression significantly improves conventional insulin therapy in type 1 diabetic rats.
[128] Emerging therapeutic options in the management of diabetes: recent ... — Advertisement View all journals Search Log in Explore content About the journal Publish with us Subscribe Sign up for alerts RSS feed nature international journal of obesity review articles article Review Article Published: 11 September 2023 Physiology and Biochemistry Emerging therapeutic options in the management of diabetes: recent trends, challenges and future directions Mohammad Azam Ansari ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-6122-54791, Waseem Chauhan2, Shoaib Shoaib3, Sami A. Alyahya4, Mubashshir Ali5, Hamid Ashraf6, Mohammad N. Alomary7 & … Ebtesam A. Al-Suhaimi8 Show authorsInternational Journal of Obesity volume 47, pages 1179–1199 (2023)Cite this article 3097 Accesses 16 Citations Metrics details Subjects Diabetes Gastrointestinal hormones Abstract Diabetes is a serious health issue that causes a progressive dysregulation of carbohydrate metabolism due to insufficient insulin hormone, leading to consistently high blood glucose levels. There are two main subtypes of diabetes: type 1 and type 2, with type 2 being the most prevalent. Moreover, recent advancements in therapeutics have also focused on developing novel drugs targeting these pathways, including incretin mimetics, SGLT2 inhibitors, and GLP-1 receptor agonists, which have shown promising results in improving glycemic control and reducing the risk of complications. This review covers various aspects of diabetes, including epidemiology, genetic and molecular basis, and recent advancements in therapeutics including herbal and synthetic peptides.
[129] Changes to the Standards of Care in Diabetes—2025 — The American Diabetes Association’s (ADA) Standards of Care in Diabetes informs health care professionals about the latest evidence for diagnosing and managing diabetes. For adults with prediabetes or type 2 diabetes and NAFLD with moderate or advanced liver fibrosis, health care professionals are encouraged to consider recommending a thyroid hormone receptor-β agonist and referring them to a gastroenterologist or hepatologist. The ADA now recommends antibody-based testing for people who do not have symptoms of type 1 diabetes but have a higher risk of developing the disease, based on a family history of type 1 diabetes or other known risk. Blog Home: Diabetes Discoveries & Practice BlogOlder Post: How Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes Affect Heart and Kidney Health The ADA’s 2022 Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes Update
[134] Technology Integration: The Role of the Diabetes Care and Education ... — Purpose: Technology is rapidly evolving and has become an integral component of diabetes care. People with diabetes and clinicians are harnessing a variety of technologies, including connected blood glucose meters, continuous glucose monitors, insulin pumps, automated insulin delivery systems, data-sharing platforms, telehealth, remote monitoring, and smartphone mobile applications to improve
[135] Can Digital Technology Revolutionize Continuous Education in Diabetes ... — Digital health technology has transformed health care education through video/audio coaching, web-based diabetes education, and mobile app-based learning. 18 These tools offer flexibility, wider reach, and easy engagement with HCPs. Integrating mobile health solutions with in-person or virtual augmented reality sessions can enhance learning
[137] Stem-cell therapy for diabetes: the hope continues — Although stem cells are routinely used to treat other conditions, such as blood cancers, the prospect of clinical applications in diabetes has only recently been considered feasible. Earlier this year, a study reported encouraging data from a first-in-human tissue replacement therapy using autologous islet tissue differentiated from endoderm stem cells in a patient with type 2 diabetes
[138] Stem cell therapies for treating diabetes: progress and remaining ... — Stem cell-derived therapies for the treatment of diabetes Recent advances in the differentiation of human stem cells towards pancreatic islet cells now suggest clear and tangible alternatives to the more conventional treatment options for T1D and T2D described above.
[139] World-First Stem Cell Treatment Reverses Diabetes for a Patient in ... — The challenge, in fact, will be taking the treatment to a global scale. But for now, the results suggest the trial is paving the way for stem cell therapy in the treatment of diabetes.
[141] The promising potential of gene therapy for diabetes mellitus — Recent advances support the notion that gene therapy could offer a long-term cure for diabetes mellitus, something that current conventional pharmacotherapies cannot achieve. You have full access
[142] Gene Therapy - Can it Cure Type 1 Diabetes? - PMC — In this review, the authors discuss the present-day advancements around the globe where gene therapy is implemented in different techniques to halt and even reverse T1D. The main focus of the final included studies for this review was to regenerate or preserve pancreatic β cells from other cell types in order to optimize insulin secretions in
[148] Patient Education in Managing Diabetes: A Systematic Review — Educating patients in self-care plays a key role in diabetes treatment and is routinely included in the care of people with diabetes. Patient education can be provided individually or in groups and addresses patients' rights and ability to influence and participate in their own care and treatment. This report summarizes the scientific evidence for individual- and group-based patient
[178] Diabetes Self-Management: Facilitating Lifestyle Change - AAFP — Patients with prediabetes should be referred to a structured intensive lifestyle intervention program (e.g., the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's National Diabetes Prevention Program).3,7 Weight loss of 7% of body weight and a long-term goal of 150 minutes per week of moderate-intensity physical activity are recommended for patients with prediabetes. The American Diabetes Association recommends intensive lifestyle intervention for patients with type 2 diabetes who are overweight or obese and who are ready to achieve weight loss.3 The American Academy of Clinical Endocrinologists recommends structured counseling and meal replacement for patients with an increasing burden of obesity or related comorbidities.16 In patients who are overweight or obese with at least one additional risk for cardiovascular disease, the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommends offering or referring for intensive behavior counseling interventions to promote a healthful diet and physical activity for the prevention of cardiovascular disease.17
[179] Lifestyle Change Programs | ADA - American Diabetes Association — Diabetes & Your Health As part of our commitment to reduce the incidence of diabetes, we are working with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)’s National Diabetes Prevention Program (National DPP) to implement one key feature of the National DPP—a research-based, structured lifestyle change program that is proven to help prevent and delay the development of type 2 diabetes. If you have been diagnosed with prediabetes, your local CDC-recognized lifestyle change program is here to help you lower your risk for type 2 diabetes. Research shows that CDC-recognized lifestyle change programs can help people cut their risk of developing type 2 diabetes by more than half, proving that preventing or delaying type 2 diabetes is possible through small changes overtime.
[181] Lifestyle Modification for Diabetes and Heart Disease Prevention — A meta-analysis of 6 studies that used the DASH diet determined that the risk of coronary artery disease was reduced by 21%, and the risk of stroke was also reduced by 21%, demonstrating that the DASH diet has the potential to improve the risk of developing these 2 conditions significantly. Recent trials have demonstrated beneficial effects on blood pressure and improvements in other cardiovascular risk factors; and although the DASH diet was initially targeted toward patients with hypertension, a meta-analysis of various studies using it has determined that patients following it had a 20% risk reduction for developing T2DM. Overall, these preventative methods aim to reduce the incidence of T2DM, which would significantly reduce chronic disease and prevent patients from experiencing the hardships associated with diabetes, both in terms of health and finances.
[182] 5 simple lifestyle changes to manage your diabetes — Remember that keeping track of blood sugar levels is just one part of the equation; lifestyle changes like maintaining a healthy diet, healthy weight and exercise routine are equally important for diabetes management success! Stop smoking. Smoking is a dangerous habit that can worsen your diabetes.
[183] Manage Blood Sugar | Diabetes | CDC - Centers for Disease Control and ... — Ways to manage your blood sugar. Eating a healthy diet, maintaining a healthy weight, and getting regular physical activity can all help. Other tips include: Keep track of your blood sugar to see what makes it go up or down. Eat at regular times, and don't skip meals. Choose foods lower in calories, saturated fat, sugar, and salt.
[184] 6 Changes You Can Make to Help Control Your Diabetes - WebMD — Diabetes Diabetes If you're stressed, you may exercise less, drink more, and not watch your diabetes as closely. Studies of people with type 1 diabetes found blood sugar levels go up for most people under mental stress and down for others. If you smoke, you're also more likely to have serious health problems as well as a higher chance for complications from diabetes. If you're on insulin or oral diabetes meds like sulfonylureas or meglitinides, drinking alcohol can drop blood sugar to dangerous levels. American Diabetes Association: "Living with Diabetes," "Set an Exercise Goal and Make a Plan," "Food," "Diabetes Superfoods," "Non-Starchy Vegetables," "Grains and Starchy Vegetables," "Stress," "Smoking," "Alcohol." "Can Diet and Exercise Prevent Loss of Brain Cells in Type 2 Diabetes?" More on Diabetes
[197] The Best Macronutrient Ratios for People With Diabetes — The Best Ratio of Fats, Carbs and Protein for Type 2 Diabetes | livestrong For people with diabetes, eating the right macronutrient mix helps with blood sugar management. If you have type 2 diabetes, you know it can be a challenge to manage your blood sugar — much less track the right ratio of carbohydrates, protein and fats for diabetes. A Healthy Diet Can Help Manage Type 2 Diabetes — These Are the Best and Worst Foods to Eat The right ratio of protein per day will also vary per person; however, aiming for 20 to 25 percent of your daily calories from protein can provide the right fuel for many people with type 2 diabetes, Kimberlain says.
[199] Diabetes Nutrition Therapy: Effectiveness, Macronutrients, Eating ... — Clinical trials as well as systematic reviews and Cochrane reviews report an approximately 1-2% lowering of hemoglobin A1 c as well as other beneficial outcomes from nutrition therapy interventions, depending on the type and duration of diabetes and level of glycemic control. There are no ideal percentages of macronutrients or eating patterns or both that apply to all persons with diabetes.
[200] Macronutrients, Food Groups, and Eating Patterns in the Management of ... — The effectiveness of medical nutrition therapy (MNT) in the management of diabetes has been well established ().Previous reviews have provided comprehensive recommendations for MNT in the management of diabetes (2,3).The goals of MNT are to 1) attain and maintain optimal blood glucose levels, a lipid and lipoprotein profile that reduces the risk of macrovascular disease, and blood pressure
[215] Dietary patterns and management of type 2 diabetes: A ... - PubMed — The Mediterranean dietary pattern demonstrated greater reduction in body weight and HbA1c levels and delayed requirement for diabetes medications. The vegan and macrobiotic diet demonstrated improved glycemic control, while the vegetarian diet showed greater body weight reduction and insulin sensitivity.
[216] Best Diabetic Meal Plan Tips & Strategies — My top tips for meal planning for diabetes (prevention and management) include: Follow the Plate Model when creating your meal plan - ½ plate vegetables (at least 2 types that are non-starchy); ¼ plate whole grains or starchy vegetables such as potatoes; ¼ plate meat or meat alternative (e.g. fish, tofu, legumes, cheese, nuts/seeds, eggs).
[217] Diabetes Meal Planning | Diabetes | CDC - Centers for Disease Control ... — Diabetes Meal Planning | Diabetes | CDC National Diabetes Prevention Program | State, Local, and National Partner Diabetes Programs for Public Health | Diabetes Self-Management Education and Support (DSMES) Toolkit | About the Division of Diabetes Translation Basics Symptoms Testing Risk Factors Preventing Treatment Providing Care Living with Diabetes View All Diabetes Meal Planning Ask for a referral to diabetes education for more help with meal planning. Counting carbs and using the plate method can make planning meals easier too. Keeping track of and limiting how many carbs you eat at each meal can help manage your blood sugar levels. Through DSMES, you'll work with a diabetes educator to create a healthy meal plan just for you.
[218] Overview of Diabetes Complications - University Hospitals — Overview of Diabetes Complications ... Complications linked to diabetes may include: Heart disease. This is often caused by an extra buildup of plaque on the inner wall of a blood vessel (atherosclerosis). The plaque buildup limits blood flow. Heart attack and stroke are twice as likely in people with diabetes than people without diabetes.
[219] Overview of Clinical Complications of Diabetes | UMass Memorial Health — This affects as many as 2 out of 3 people with diabetes. It greatly raises the risk for diabetes-related complications. This includes heart attack, stroke, kidney failure, and blindness. Dental disease. Gum (periodontal) disease affects about 22% of people with diabetes. Eye disease or blindness (retinopathy or glaucoma).
[221] Lower Your Risk of Diabetes Complications | ADA — Diabetes can lead to severe, and in some cases, life-threatening complications. But you can lower your risk of diabetes-related complications like heart, kidney, and eye disease, as well as nerve damage by making healthy lifestyle changes, knowing the warning signs, and attending regular visits with your health care provider.
[222] Diabetes - long-term effects - Better Health Channel — The long-term effects of diabetes include damage to large and small blood vessels, which can lead to heart attack and stroke, and problems with the kidneys, eyes, feet and nerves. The good news is that the risk of long-term effects of diabetes can be reduced. Regular screening is important to detect diabetes-related health problems early.
[227] Health and Economic Benefits of Diabetes Interventions — Keeping diabetes under control through effective disease management can lower risks of diabetes complications. For example: Effective blood sugar management can reduce the risk of eye disease, kidney disease, and nerve disease by 40%. 9. Blood pressure management can reduce the risk of heart disease and stroke by 33% to 50%. 10 Improved
[233] Clinical Update: Cardiovascular Disease in Diabetes Mellitus: — Cardiovascular disease remains the principal cause of death and disability among patients with diabetes mellitus. Diabetes mellitus exacerbates mechanisms underlying atherosclerosis and heart failure. Unfortunately, these mechanisms are not adequately modulated by therapeutic strategies focusing solely on optimal glycemic control with currently available drugs or approaches. In the setting of
[262] The future of diabetes management: GLPs, new technologies and the ... — Technological advancements, like continuous glucose monitors, enhance diabetes management and patient engagement. GLP drugs, new technology and breakthroughs in research are transforming diabetes care — and fueling hope for a cure. In addition to drug therapies, patients are finding success in managing diabetes with technology. This adaptive approach could make diabetes management more intuitive and responsive to patients’ unique needs while reducing the burden on health care providers. Progress in islet cell technology and genetic modification not only reflects the commitment of scientists to curing diabetes and the opportunity to reduce the strain diabetes places on the health care system but also offers renewed hope to patients seeking relief. His research concentrates on improving health care delivery models to enhance diabetes outcomes and patients’ experiences.
[263] Recent Advances - American Diabetes Association — About Diabetes About Diabetes More About Diabetes Replacing insulin-producing beta-cells that have been lost in people with type 1 diabetes is a promising strategy to restore control of glucose levels. Dr. Arrojo e Drigo believes that people with or at risk for diabetes may have fewer ‘young’ beta-cells, which are likely to function better than old ones. Diabetes. Results from this study demonstrate the value of diabetes self-management programs and their potential to broadly improve health outcomes in socioeconomically diverse communities. With this information in hand, Dr. Wright now wants to see if incentives do indeed change a child’s eating habits and risk for developing type 2 diabetes. 1-800-DIABETES About Diabetes
[264] New Report Highlights Diabetes Research Advances and Achievements — The American Diabetes Association (ADA) is the nation's leading voluntary health organization fighting to bend the curve on the diabetes epidemic and help people living with diabetes thrive. For 83 years, the ADA has driven discovery and research to treat, manage, and prevent diabetes while working relentlessly for a cure.
[265] The Future of Diabetes | Department of Medicine News | Stanford Medicine — Stanford Medicine's latest AI research uncovers hidden subtypes of Type 2 diabetes, opening the door to personalized care. About 95% of diabetes cases are Type 2, but new research from Tracey McLaughlin, MD , and her team uses AI and machine learning to challenge conventional wisdom and show there isn't just one way to develop it.
[266] Machine learning-based risk predictive models for diabetic kidney ... — In summary, the application of machine learning in predicting diabetic nephropathy risk holds significant clinical value and represents a more selective and cost-effective screening method for diabetic nephropathy. ... Classification and diagnosis of diabetes: standards of medical care in diabetes-2018. Diabetes Care.
[267] Diabetes Prediction Using Machine Learning - IEEE Xplore — For early identification and individualised management, machine learning-based diabetes prediction is essential. In this work, the methods for logistic regression (LR), naïve Bayes (NB), decision trees (DT), random forests, and k-nearest neighbours (KNN) were evaluated. With an accuracy of 81%, LR and KNN were the most accurate, followed by DT (73%), NB (76%), and random forest (80%). By
[269] Artificial Intelligence in Diabetes Management: Transforming Care — However, the advent of Artificial Intelligence (AI) is revolutionizing how we approach diabetes care, offering innovative solutions that enhance monitoring, treatment personalization, and patient engagement. This article explores the role of AI in diabetes management, highlighting its applications, benefits, challenges, and future prospects. In the context of diabetes management, AI can analyze vast amounts of data from various sources-such as Continuous Glucose Monitors (CGMs), wearables, Electronic Health Records (EHRs), and patient-reported outcomes to generate insights that support clinical decision making. Artificial intelligence is transforming diabetes management by enhancing personalized care, improving glycemic control, and increasing patient engagement. As technology continues to evolve, the integration of AI into diabetes care has the potential to create a more efficient, effective, and patient centered healthcare system.
[278] Artificial intelligence for diabetes care: current and future prospects ... — Artificial intelligence (AI) use in diabetes care is increasingly being explored to personalise care for people with diabetes and adapt treatments for complex presentations. However, the rapid advancement of AI also introduces challenges such as potential biases, ethical considerations, and implementation challenges in ensuring that its deployment is equitable.