Table of Contents
Overview
Definition of Chemistry
Chemistry is fundamentally the science of atomic matter, which is composed of chemical elements, and it primarily focuses on the study of chemical reactions, as well as the properties, structure, composition, behavior, and changes of matter as they relate to these reactions.[1.1] It encompasses the study of macroscopic, atomic, subatomic, and particulate phenomena within chemical systems, all of which are analyzed through the lens of the laws and concepts of physics.[2.1] Often referred to as the "central science," chemistry serves as a bridge connecting physics with other natural sciences, including geology and biology, due to its comprehensive study of matter and its properties.[3.1] The discipline is divided into several sub-domains, such as analytical chemistry, biochemistry, inorganic chemistry, organic chemistry, physical chemistry, and biophysical chemistry, each focusing on different aspects of chemical phenomena.[3.1]Importance of Chemistry in Daily Life
Chemistry plays a crucial role in daily life by providing a deeper understanding of the nature and behavior of matter, which allows for the effective manipulation and utilization of materials.[4.1] This understanding is not only fundamental to scientific inquiry but also enhances analytical skills, such as problem-solving and data analysis, which are transferable to various fields beyond science.[5.1] In everyday activities, chemistry explains processes such as cooking, where it elucidates how food changes during cooking, how it can be preserved, and how the body metabolizes it.[6.1] Additionally, chemistry is integral to cleaning, as it helps determine the most effective cleaning agents for different purposes, from personal hygiene to household maintenance.[6.1] These applications underscore the pervasive influence of chemistry in enhancing the quality of life and advancing technological innovations.[4.1]History
Ancient Civilizations and Alchemy
The history of chemistry can be traced back to ancient civilizations such as Egypt and Mesopotamia, where the foundations of the science of matter and the changes it undergoes were established.[37.1] These early societies contributed significantly to the development of chemical practices, which would later evolve into modern chemistry. The exploration of materials and their transformations during this period laid the groundwork for future scientific inquiry.[37.1]Evolution of Modern Chemistry
The evolution of modern chemistry can be traced back to the ancient practice of alchemy, which served as a precursor to the scientific discipline we recognize today. Alchemy, a blend of science, philosophy, and mysticism, sought to unlock the mysteries of matter and the universe, influencing both scientific discovery and philosophical thought across cultures and millennia.[43.1] It played a significant role in shaping the foundations of scientific thought and experimental practices, with its practitioners introducing experimental methodologies that laid the groundwork for empirical inquiry and chemical discovery.[45.1] The transition from alchemy to modern chemistry was not abrupt but rather a gradual evolution marked by the efforts of scientists who aimed to separate empirical investigation from mystical elements. Robert Boyle, a pivotal figure in this transformation, challenged alchemical theories through his work "The Sceptical Chymist" (1661), which emphasized experimental methods over speculative practices.[47.1] Boyle's contributions, along with those of Antoine Lavoisier, were instrumental in this shift, as they advocated for a more systematic and empirical approach to scientific inquiry.[48.1] This transition was further characterized by the development of the atomic theory of matter. In 1803, John Dalton expanded upon earlier findings to propose that elements consist of indivisible particles called atoms, a concept that became fundamental to modern chemistry.[35.1] The evolution of chemistry continued with significant discoveries and advancements, such as the identification of gases, improvements in metal production, and the development of chemistry's role in medicine.[36.1] These developments collectively contributed to the establishment of chemistry as a distinct scientific discipline, characterized by a systematic study of the composition of matter and its interactions.[34.1]Branches Of Chemistry
Organic Chemistry
Organic chemistry is a fundamental branch of chemistry that focuses on the study of carbon-containing compounds, their structures, properties, and reactions. It plays a crucial role in various fields, particularly in pharmaceuticals and materials science. In pharmaceuticals, organic chemistry is essential for drug discovery and design, as it elucidates the structure-activity relationships of pharmacologically active compounds. This branch of chemistry provides the methodologies necessary for the efficient synthesis of pharmaceutical compounds and the design of drug delivery systems that target specific tissues or cells while minimizing systemic side effects.[95.1] The principles of organic chemistry are instrumental in the development of new pharmaceuticals. By exploring the chemical properties of organic compounds and utilizing innovative synthesis methods, researchers can create advanced materials and therapeutic agents that enhance the quality of life. Organic chemistry forms the foundation of pharmaceutical development, enabling the design, synthesis, and modification of organic compounds to create new therapeutic agents.[93.1] For instance, the synthesis of hybrid molecules based on the cholinesterase inhibitor tacrine and a benzimidazole-based human cannabinoid receptor subtype 2 agonist has shown significant inhibitory effects towards cholinesterase activity and neuroprotective effects in murine models, demonstrating the potential of organic compounds in medical breakthroughs.[94.1] In addition to its applications in pharmaceuticals, organic chemistry contributes significantly to sustainable practices, particularly in green chemistry. Green chemistry involves the design of chemical products and processes that reduce or eliminate the use and generation of hazardous substances. The 12 Principles of Green Chemistry, developed in the 1990s, guide the creation of safer and more efficient chemical processes. These principles emphasize prevention, atom economy, and the use of safer solvents and auxiliaries, among other strategies, to minimize environmental impact.[115.1] Organic chemistry supports sustainable agriculture through the use of organic fertilizers and pesticides, which have revolutionized farming practices by increasing crop yields while minimizing environmental impact.[112.1]Inorganic Chemistry
Inorganic chemistry is a branch of chemistry that focuses on the properties and behaviors of inorganic compounds, which are generally defined as substances that do not contain carbon-hydrogen (C-H) bonds. These compounds encompass a diverse range of materials, including metals, metal ores, salts, and acids, and serve as fundamental building blocks for numerous products and processes in various industries.[88.1] Inorganic compounds are integral to industrial applications, particularly in catalysis, materials science, and environmental protection.[87.1] The chemical properties of inorganic compounds are characterized by distinctive reactions such as acid-base neutralizations, oxidation-reduction processes, and complexation reactions. These reactions are crucial in both chemical processes and biological systems, highlighting the significance of inorganic compounds in life processes, such as the roles of metals like iron in hemoglobin.[106.1] The solubility of inorganic compounds in water also plays a significant role in their chemical properties, influencing their behavior in various contexts.[106.1] In the industrial sector, inorganic chemistry includes the manufacture of heavy inorganics such as chlor-alkalis, sulfuric acid, and sulfates, as well as fertilizers containing potassium, nitrogen, and phosphorus. These products are produced on a large scale and are essential for various industrial processes.[91.1] Additionally, inorganic chemistry finds applications in the medical industry and healthcare facilities, demonstrating its wide-ranging impact across different domains.[89.1] Inorganic compounds significantly influence environmental contexts, particularly in relation to pollution and resource management. Common inorganic pollutants include heavy metals, trace elements, mineral acids, metal compounds, inorganic salts, sulfates, and cyanides, which are often found in the environment at concentrations exceeding desirable levels.[104.1] The management of these pollutants is complex and involves understanding the sensitivity of various factors, such as the number of detected elements, statistical entropy, recovery grade, and removal grade, to the absolute value of the Environmental-Resource Interacting Attribute (ERIA). This attribute represents the challenges associated with resource recovery and the mitigation of environmental impacts through different treatment pathways, including elements recycling, compounds recycling, downcycling, and landfill scenarios.[105.1]In this section:
Recent Advancements
Innovations in Molecular Editing
Recent advancements in chemistry have significantly contributed to the development of sustainable energy solutions, with innovations in molecular editing playing a crucial role. The demand for clean and sustainable energy is escalating due to global population growth and economic development, which has led to increased greenhouse gas emissions and environmental degradation from fossil fuels. In response, hydrogen storage technologies have emerged as a promising avenue for achieving energy sustainability, showcasing the potential of molecular editing in addressing these challenges.[128.1] Furthermore, the role of chemistry in achieving the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) highlights the importance of new chemical research and green chemistry education. These efforts are crucial for developing new materials for renewable energy, enhancing energy efficiency in chemical processing industries, and advancing cleaner fuel technologies. The American Chemical Society's Campaign for a Sustainable Future Initiative aims to position chemistry innovations at the forefront of addressing these global challenges.[134.1] Green chemistry, which focuses on reducing the environmental impact of chemical processes, is another area where molecular editing has shown promise. By minimizing hazardous compounds and reducing waste generated in conventional organic synthesis, green chemistry ensures a sustainable future. This approach emphasizes the development of safer and more sustainable products, aligning with the principles of green chemistry to inspire future research and innovation.[135.1]In this section:
Chemical Principles
Atomic Structure and Chemical Bonding
Atomic structure and chemical bonding are essential concepts in chemistry that provide a foundational understanding of matter and its interactions. Atoms, the basic units of all matter, consist of a nucleus surrounded by electrons. The arrangement and behavior of these electrons play a critical role in how atoms interact to form chemical bonds.[156.1] A chemical bond is a lasting attraction between atoms that enables the formation of chemical compounds. For example, sodium chloride (NaCl) is a compound formed by the ionic bond between one sodium ion and one chlorine ion. In its natural state, sodium is a solid metal that is highly reactive and produces significant effervescence when it reacts with water.[160.1] The periodic table serves as a foundational element in the study of chemistry, offering an overview of essential topics such as atomic structure, chemical bonds, and chemical reactions.[156.1] It is designed to help learners gain a fundamental understanding of the atom and its components, as well as the interactions between different elements.[156.1] By organizing these core concepts, the periodic table facilitates a deeper comprehension of how atoms function and bond with one another.[156.1] This foundational knowledge is crucial for grasping the principles underlying chemical reactions and the formation of various compounds.[156.1] Understanding the nature of chemical bonds is crucial for grasping the fundamental principles of chemistry and the behavior of substances in various chemical reactions.[160.1]Chemical Reactions and Thermodynamics
Chemical reactions and thermodynamics are fundamental concepts in chemistry that are intricately linked to the study of chemical processes and their environmental impacts. The principles of chemical kinetics and thermodynamics are essential for understanding the rates of reactions and the energy changes associated with them. These principles are applied in various fields, including pollution assessment, where they help in evaluating the environmental impact of pollutants. For instance, the study of toxic heavy metal ions contamination in water involves the application of isotherms, thermodynamics, and kinetics to develop eco-friendly methods for their sustainable reduction. This approach utilizes biosorption methods and mathematical modeling to explain the behavior of heavy metal adsorption, providing a natural and cost-effective solution for water purification.[182.1] In the realm of chemical reactions, balancing chemical equations is a critical skill that ensures the law of conservation of mass and the law of constant proportions are upheld. This involves the addition of stoichiometric coefficients to both reactants and products to ensure that the same number of atoms of each element is present on both sides of the equation. For example, to balance a chemical equation involving hydrogen and oxygen, coefficients are added to ensure that the number of hydrogen and oxygen atoms is equal on both sides, such as in the equation 2H₂ + O₂ → 2H₂O.[187.1] This process is crucial for accurately representing chemical reactions and ensuring that calculations based on these equations are correct. Furthermore, the integration of chemical kinetics and thermodynamics is vital in environmental science, particularly in understanding the energy flux that drives chemical reactions and prevents many environments from reaching equilibrium. While traditional studies in aqueous geochemistry have focused on equilibrium conditions, it is equally important to understand the rates of reactions, which fall under the domain of kinetics. This understanding is crucial for predicting the behavior of chemical systems in natural environments and for developing strategies to mitigate environmental pollution.[184.1]In this section:
Applications Of Chemistry
Pharmaceuticals and Drug Development
Analytical chemistry plays a pivotal role in the pharmaceutical industry, particularly in the drug development process, by ensuring the quality, safety, and efficacy of new medications. This discipline is integral to various stages of drug development, from initial research to post-market surveillance, providing essential data for understanding the properties and behaviors of pharmaceutical compounds.[210.1] Techniques such as high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and mass spectrometry are routinely employed to analyze active ingredients and detect impurities, thereby ensuring the purity and potency of medications.[212.1] Regulatory authorities, including the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), rely on analytical chemistry to verify that pharmaceutical products comply with established safety and efficacy standards.[210.1] In addition to ensuring drug safety and efficacy, analytical chemistry aids in the optimization of formulations and processes. It provides the quantitative data necessary for assessing how a drug is absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and excreted (ADME), which is crucial for refining dosing regimens and minimizing adverse effects.[210.1] Furthermore, analytical chemistry is used in stability studies to monitor the degradation of drugs over time under various environmental conditions, ensuring that pharmaceuticals remain effective and safe throughout their shelf life.[211.1] Organic chemistry plays a central role in drug development, providing the fundamental principles and tools necessary to synthesize, modify, and optimize compounds for specific therapeutic purposes.[225.1] This branch of chemistry focuses on carbon-based compounds and is integral to drug discovery, enabling the creation and modification of molecules for targeted drug therapies.[226.1] Chemists adjust functional groups, such as amines, esters, and hydroxyls, to enhance drug efficacy, optimize molecular structure, and reduce side effects.[226.1] A key reaction in this process is lactamization, which is crucial for synthesizing bioactive molecules, including antibiotics.[224.1] This reaction forms lactams—cyclic amides—through intramolecular cyclization, contributing to the structural framework of many antibiotics, such as β-lactams.[224.1] These four-membered cyclic amides are significant in antibiotic development due to their high ring strain, which enhances reactivity and underlies their antibacterial mechanism by inhibiting bacterial cell wall synthesis.[224.1] Thus, organic chemistry is essential to the design and development of pharmaceuticals, ensuring that drugs are effective and tailored for therapeutic use.[225.1]Environmental Chemistry and Sustainability
Chemistry plays a significant role in environmental sustainability, particularly through the development and application of surfactants in detergents. Surfactants are essential components in cleaning products, characterized by their amphiphilic molecular structure, which includes a hydrophilic (polar) head and a hydrophobic (non-polar) tail. This structure allows surfactants to effectively remove oil and dirt by reducing surface tension, thereby enhancing cleaning efficacy.[206.1] The hydrophobic portion of surfactants can vary, featuring linear or branched hydrocarbon chains, which influences their interaction with different types of stains and surfaces.[205.1] The use of surfactants in detergents is not without environmental concerns, as some formulations pose risks to both human health and the environment. Consequently, there is a growing emphasis on developing more sustainable cleaning products by optimizing the molecular structures of surfactants to minimize their ecological impact while maintaining cleaning performance.[207.1] This involves exploring various types of surfactants, such as anionic, nonionic, cationic, and zwitterionic, each offering distinct properties that can be tailored for specific cleaning applications.[208.1] In addition to surfactants, the field of chemistry contributes to sustainability through the development of natural preservatives in food production. These preservatives, derived from plants, animals, and microorganisms, offer a safer alternative to synthetic preservatives by inhibiting the growth of spoilage microorganisms and pathogens, thus extending the shelf life of food products. Natural preservatives, such as polyphenols, essential oils, and antimicrobial peptides, exhibit strong antibacterial activity and are increasingly being utilized to ensure food safety and sustainability.[214.1]In this section:
References
[1] Outline of chemistry - Wikipedia — The following outline acts as an overview of and topical guide to chemistry: . Chemistry is the science of atomic matter (matter that is composed of chemical elements), especially its chemical reactions, but also including its properties, structure, composition, behavior, and changes as they relate to the chemical reactions. Chemistry is centrally concerned with atoms and their
[2] Introduction to Chemistry / Overview of Chemistry - 101.school — Overview of Chemistry. Study of macroscopic, atomic, subatomic, and particulate phenomena in chemical systems in terms of laws and concepts of physics. Chemistry is often referred to as the "central science" because it intersects with all other scientific disciplines. It is a physical science that studies the properties, composition, and
[3] Overview of Chemistry - Introductory Chemistry — Chemistry is sometimes called "the central science" because it bridges physics with other natural sciences, such as geology and biology. Chemistry is the study of matter and its properties. Sub-domains of chemistry include analytical chemistry, biochemistry, inorganic chemistry, organic chemistry, physical chemistry, and biophysical chemistry.
[4] What is Chemistry and Why is it Important? | Erudition Blog — Importance of Chemistry: Chemistry is of paramount importance for several reasons: Understanding Matter: Chemistry helps us comprehend the nature and behavior of matter, from the smallest particles to the most complex compounds, enabling us to manipulate and utilize materials effectively. Advancing Technology: Chemistry is central to technological advancements, driving innovation in fields
[5] 10 Reasons Why Chemistry Is Important - The Important Site — Chemistry helps people develop strong analytical skills. Like all science, the study of chemistry involves specific skills. Students of chemistry learn to pay close attention to detail, solve problems, analyze data, and communicate verbally and in writing. These are skills easily transferred to other fields beyond the realm of science. #4.
[6] What Is the Importance of Chemistry? - ThoughtCo — Chemistry Explained . Cooking: Chemistry explains how food changes as you cook it, how it rots, how to preserve food, how your body uses the food you eat, and how ingredients interact to make food. Cleaning: Part of the importance of chemistry is it explains how cleaning works.You use chemistry to help decide what cleaner is best for dishes, laundry, yourself, and your home.
[34] Timeline: History Of Chemistry - Sutori — The timeline of chemistry lists important works, discoveries, ideas, inventions, and experiments that significantly changed humanity's understanding of the modern science known as chemistry, defined as the scientific study of the composition of matter and of its interactions.The history of chemistry in its modern form arguably began with the Irish scientist Robert Boyle, though its roots can
[35] 1.5: A Brief History of Chemistry - Chemistry LibreTexts — The Atomic Theory of Matter. In 1803, the English schoolteacher John Dalton (1766-1844) expanded Proust's development of the law of definite proportions (Section 1.2) and Lavoisier's findings on the conservation of mass in chemical reactions to propose that elements consist of indivisible particles that he called atoms (taking the term from Democritus and Leucippus).
[36] Significant Milestones in Chemistry: A Timeline of Influential Chemists — Discoveries of gases, improvements in alchemy, advancements in metal production, and developments in chemistry’s role in medicine were also made during this period. French chemist well-known for work on modern nomenclature in chemistry, equilibria, dyes, and bleaches 1824 – 1914 1836 – 1918 French organic chemist known as a pioneer of organometallic chemistry German pharmacist and chemist well-known for the discovery of the Beckmann rearrangement and the development of the Beckmann differential thermometer 1858 – 19?? 1868 – 1928 1879 – 1960 1892 – 1987 1897 – 1996 1898 – 1980 1899 – 1975 American chemist known for the development of large-scale dextran production and xanthan gum 1910 – 2002 1916 – 2004 1917 – 2002 1918 – 1998
[37] History of Chemistry | Overview & Research Examples - Perlego — Our overview of History of Chemistry curates a series of relevant extracts and key research examples on this topic from our catalog of academic textbooks. ... The history of chemistry traces the development of the science of matter and the changes it undergoes. It has its roots in ancient civilizations such as Egypt and Mesopotamia, and has
[43] The History of Alchemy and Its Influence on Science — Source : ChatGPT Alchemy, often considered a precursor to modern chemistry and a blend of science, philosophy, and mysticism, has fascinated humanity for centuries. Rooted in ancient traditions, it sought to unlock the mysteries of matter and the universe. Its history spans cultures and millennia, influencing both scientific discovery and philosophical thought.
[45] The Roots of Chemistry: How the Ancient Tradition of Alchemy Influenced ... — The Roots of Chemistry: How the Ancient Tradition of Alchemy Influenced Modern Scientific Thought – The Aggie Transcript Home » Biology » The Roots of Chemistry: How the Ancient Tradition of Alchemy Influenced Modern Scientific Thought Alchemy can be traced back to ancient Egypt, where Jabir Ibn Hayyan, a court alchemist and physician, was the first to introduce experimental methodology into alchemy and is credited with the invention of several chemical processes used in modern chemistry. Although alchemy is considered to be an ancient science, it can be regarded as a necessary precursor to the development of modern chemistry and it continues to have implications on scientific discovery today.
[47] PDF — history of chemistry is that of the first true exponent of Bacon's method. The most important work of Boyle is The Sceptical Chymist (London, 1661). Of it Dr. Fulton says: ". . . . one of the greatest books in the history of scien-tific thought. It not only marks the transition from alchemy to modern chemistry but is a plea, couched in
[48] The Alchemists' Quest: From Transmutation to Transformation — This paper explores the multifaceted discipline of alchemy, an ancient practice that is often considered the precursor to modern chemistry.Alchemy stands as a historical bridge between mysticism and science, an interdisciplinary pursuit that has captivated scholars, dreamers, and pragmatists alike.This paper provides an in-depth analysis of alchemy as both a precursor to modern chemistry and a philosophical tradition, deeply rooted in the pursuit of knowledge and spiritual enlightenment.It highlights the alchemists’ contributions to the nascent field of experimental science, showcasing how their proto-scientific methods laid the groundwork for empirical inquiry and chemical discovery.Despite the passage of time, alchemy’s legacy persists, not only in the methodologies and principles of modern science but also in the metaphorical language it has bequeathed to contemporary discourse.The transition from alchemy to chemistry was not abrupt but gradual, with the work of figures like Robert Boyle and Antoine Lavoisier playing pivotal roles in this transformation.While alchemy is often seen as a pre-scientific blend of mysticism and proto-chemistry, its practices laid the foundation for the scientific discipline of chemistry.
[87] Overview of inorganic compounds and their classifications — Applications in Industry: Inorganic compounds became integral to industries, with applications in catalysis, materials science, and environmental protection. Biological Inorganic Chemistry: The study of metals in biological systems, such as the roles of iron in hemoglobin, demonstrated the significance of inorganic compounds in life processes.
[88] Applications of Inorganic Compounds in Industry — Introduction to Inorganic Compounds in Industry Inorganic compounds play a pivotal role in various industrial applications, serving as fundamental building blocks for numerous products and processes. These compounds, which are generally defined as substances that do not contain carbon-hydrogen (C-H) bonds, encompass a diverse range of materials, including metals, metal ores, salts, acids, and
[89] Notes on Applications of Inorganic Chemistry - Unacademy — Applications of Inorganic Chemistry. Inorganic chemistry has a wide range of applications in domains such as biology, chemistry, and engineering. 1.Inorganic chemistry is used in the medical industry and in healthcare facilities. 2.The usage of common salt in our daily lives is the most common application.
[91] Inorganic Industrial Chemistry — Industrial inorganic chemistry includes subdivisions of the chemical industry that manufacture inorganic products on a large scale such as the heavy inorganics (chlor-alkalis, sulfuric acid, sulfates) and fertilizers (potassium, nitrogen, and phosphorus products) as well as segments of fine chemicals that are used to produce high purity inorganics on a much smaller scale. Among these are
[93] Applications of organic chemistry in pharmaceuticals and materials ... — Applications of organic chemistry in pharmaceuticals and materials science | Solubility of Things Organic chemistry serves as a cornerstone in the realms of pharmaceuticals and materials science, providing the foundational principles and methodologies essential for the development of a wide array of chemical compounds. By continuously exploring the chemical properties of organic compounds and utilizing innovative synthesis methods, researchers can develop advanced materials that not only meet current needs but also pave the way for future innovations that enhance quality of life. Organic chemistry plays a crucial role in the development of drug delivery systems, which are essential for enhancing the efficacy and safety of therapeutic agents. Drug Development: Organic chemistry forms the foundation of pharmaceutical development, where the design, synthesis, and modification of organic compounds enable the creation of new therapeutic agents.
[94] Breakthroughs in Medicinal Chemistry: New Targets and Mechanisms, New ... — Scheiner et al. report the synthesis of a series of hybrid molecules that are based on the cholinesterase inhibitor tacrine and a benzimidazole-based human cannabinoid receptor subtype 2 agonist .The hybrids exhibited significant inhibitory effects towards cholinesterase activity and Aβ40 and Aβ42 aggregation, and concomitant partial agonist activity towards the human cannabinoid receptor subtype 2.Furthermore, the compound 2-(4-ethoxybenzyl)-1-isopentyl-N-(2-((2-((1,2,3,4-tetrahydroacridin-9-yl)amino)ethyl)disulfaneyl)ethyl)-1H-benzo[d]imidazole-5-carboxamide exerted significant, concentration-dependent, neuroprotective effects in murine hippocampal neurons and prevented Aβ25-35-induced short- and long-term memory impairment in mice . A syngenic graft of S9pep-expressing colorectal cancer cells in mice reduces tumor growth in comparison to non-expressing tumor cells. Results demonstrate the applicability of the FDA approved ODOL promoiety in multiple charged drugs . The compound with the best MIC value was N-(5-(azepan-1-ylsulfonyl)-2-methoxyphenyl)-2- (benzofuran-3-yl)acetamide; and that with the best IC50 value was N-(5-(azocan-1-ylsulfonyl)-2-methoxyphenyl)-2-(4-oxo-3,4-dihydrophthalazin-1-yl)acetamide, thus rescuing both a target and a compound series.In a 9-month phase 3 clinical trial involving 818 patients, the drug oligomannate showed improved cognitive function after just 4 weeks in patients with mild to moderate AD.
[95] The role of Organic Chemistry in Pharmaceuticals - Reachem — Organic chemistry in pharmaceuticals is the intricate science behind the medicines that improve and save lives.Organic chemistry provides the foundation for drug discovery and design by elucidating the structure-activity relationships of pharmacologically active compounds.Organic chemistry holds a pivotal position in this process.Organic chemistry methodologies are employed to synthesise pharmaceutical compounds efficiently.Organic chemistry methodologies enable the efficient synthesis of pharmaceutical compounds.Organic chemistry is instrumental in designing drug delivery systems that target specific tissues or cells while minimising systemic side effects.Organic chemistry is the backbone of pharmaceutical science, driving drug discovery, synthesis, formulation, and delivery.
[104] Main inorganic pollutants and their risk to living beings — The types of inorganic pollutants that pollute the environment are mainly heavy metals, trace elements, mineral acids, metal compounds, inorganic salts, sulfates, and cyanides which are present in the environment in higher concentrations than the desirable levels (Wasewar et al., 2020).
[105] Fostering the waste management with environmental-resource ... - Nature — a–d Sensitivity of n (number of detected elements), H (statistical entropy), D (recovery grade), and D’ (removal grade) to A (absolute value of Environmental-Resource Interacting Attribute, represents the difficulty of resource recovery and impact mitigation) and θ (degree, indicates the bias towards environmental or resource attributes) under (a) elements recycling, (b) compounds recycling, (c) downcycling, and (d) landfill scenarios. where A is the absolute value of ERIA, representing the difficulty in achieving resource recovery and environmental impact mitigation through different treatment pathways; θ is the degree of ERIA bias towards environmental or resource attributes; R, R’, D, and D’ represent the recyclability, removability, recovery grade, and removal grade of waste, respectively24,25; n is the total number of elements (compounds) in a given waste, and H is its statistical entropy.
[106] Overview of inorganic compounds and their classifications — Chemical Properties: Many inorganic compounds engage in distinctive chemical reactions, such as acid-base neutralizations, oxidation-reduction processes, and complexation reactions. Biological Inorganic Chemistry: The study of metals in biological systems, such as the roles of iron in hemoglobin, demonstrated the significance of inorganic compounds in life processes. In summary, non-metallic compounds comprise an essential class of inorganic substances characterized by their unique properties and diverse applications. Acids, bases, and salts are fundamental categories of inorganic compounds that play crucial roles in both chemical processes and biological systems. “The physical properties of inorganic compounds not only determine their behaviors in chemical reactions but also unlock their myriad applications across science and industry.” The solubility of inorganic compounds in water also plays a significant role in their chemical properties.
[112] Importance of Organic Chemistry | Solubility of Things — Agriculture: The use of organic fertilizers and pesticides has revolutionized farming practices, increasing crop yields while minimizing environmental impact. Organic chemistry supports sustainable agriculture, which is essential for feeding the world's growing population.
[115] Principles of Green Chemistry | Center for Green Chemistry & Green ... — Green Chemistry. Green chemistry is the design of chemical products and processes that reduce or eliminate the use and generation of hazardous substances. 12 Principles of Green Chemistry. Prevention It is better to prevent waste than to treat or clean up waste after it has been created. Atom Economy
[128] Advances in hydrogen storage materials: harnessing innovative ... — The demand for clean and sustainable energy solutions is escalating as the global population grows and economies develop. Fossil fuels, which currently dominate the energy sector, contribute to greenhouse gas emissions and environmental degradation. In response to these challenges, hydrogen storage technologies have emerged as a promising avenue for achieving energy sustainability. This review
[134] Chemistry & Sustainable Development Goals - American Chemical Society — Chemistry & the UN Sustainable Development Goals - American Chemical Society Chemistry plays an essential role in helping society achieve the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Opportunities for new chemical research, green and sustainable chemistry education, green and sustainable chemical manufacturing practices, and a sense of social responsibility are crucial for current and future chemists as we work together to protect the planet. Chemistry will help meet the Affordable and Clean Energy goal through the development of new materials for renewable energy, by being more energy efficient in the chemical processing industries, and by advancing cleaner fuel technologies. The ACS Campaign for a Sustainable Future Initiative will position ACS as a leader in advancing chemistry innovations to address the challenges articulated in the U.N. Sustainable Development Goals.
[135] Advancing chemistry sustainably: From synthesis to benefits and ... — Advancing chemistry sustainably: From synthesis to benefits and applications of green synthesis - ScienceDirect Advancing chemistry sustainably: From synthesis to benefits and applications of green synthesis Green chemistry emphasizes the minimization of hazardous compounds, reduction of waste generated in conventional organic synthesis, and consideration of both production and disposal impacts. Green chemistry emphasizes the minimization of hazardous compounds, reduction of waste generated in conventional organic synthesis, and consideration of both production and disposal impacts. Green synthesis, also known as sustainable methods or environmentally friendly synthesis, is a chemical synthesis method aimed at reducing the environmental effect of chemical reactions and processes . Green chemistry emphasizes limiting utilize of hazardous compounds and decreasing waste generation in conventional organic synthesis.
[156] Basic Chemistry fundamentals-Your Guide to Core Concepts — This beginner's guide provides an overview of core topics in chemistry including the atom and its components, the periodic table, chemical bonds, chemical reactions and balancing equations, and the states of matter to help you gain a foundational knowledge. The Building Blocks: Atoms and the Periodic Table. Atoms are the basic units of all
[160] Fundamentals of chemistry - Wikiversity — A chemical bond is a lasting attraction between atoms that enables the formation of chemical compounds . For example, the compound Sodium Chloride (NaCl), is composed of one ion of Chlorine bonded to one ion of Sodium. Sodium, in its natural form, is a solid metal element which is highly reactive and produces a lot of effervescence when reacted with water.
[182] Toxic heavy metal ions contamination in water and their sustainable ... — Toxic heavy metal ions contamination in water and their sustainable reduction by eco-friendly methods: isotherms, thermodynamics and kinetics study | Scientific Reports Toxic heavy metal ions contamination in water and their sustainable reduction by eco-friendly methods: isotherms, thermodynamics and kinetics study Toxic heavy metal ions contamination in water and their sustainable reduction by eco-friendly methods: isotherms, thermodynamics and kinetics study This review is focused on the heavy metal ions contamination in the water, biosorption methods for heavy metal removal and mathematical modeling to explain the behaviour of heavy metal adsorption. In the process of removing harmful heavy metal ions from water, a natural and cost-effective solution is to use biosorbents83. Toxic heavy metal ions contamination in water and their sustainable reduction by eco-friendly methods: isotherms, thermodynamics and kinetics study.
[184] Chemical Kinetics in Environmental Systems - Maurice - Major Reference ... — This energy flux drives chemical reactions and helps to keep many environments and processes from attaining equilibrium. While many investigations of aqueous (geo)chemistry have focused on describing equilibrium conditions, it is also important to understand the rates of reactions, which is the realm of kinetics.
[187] How to Balance Chemical Equations: 11 Steps (with Pictures) — You'll need to recount your atoms before balancing the hydrogen and oxygen, as you'll likely need to use coefficients to balance the other atoms in the equation. Add a coefficient to the single carbon atom on the right of the equation to balance it with the 3 carbon atoms on the left of the equation. To balance the equation, you'll need to add coefficients to change the number of atoms on one side to match the other. To balance this, add the coefficient 2 before H2 on the left side of the equation so there are 4 hydrogen atoms on each side, like 2H2 + O2 → 2H2O.
[205] Structure and Applications of Surfactants - IntechOpen — Surfactant molecules have two parts, a lipophilic (apolar) part that retains fat and a hydrophilic (polar) part that is miscible with water. The lipophilic portion consists of one or more aliphatic, straight or branched or aromatic or even alkylaromatic hydro- or fluorocarbon chains. The hydrophilic portion or polar head consists of one or more polar groups, ionic or nonionic. Surfactants have
[206] PDF — Surfactant Science The functional chemical components inside detergents are the surfactants, which remove oil from dishes and dirt from clothes. The term surfactant is short for surface active agent1 that "activates" the surface by reducing the surface / interfacial tension. In this lecture we will see the chemistry and physics behind the surfactant science.
[207] Applications of Microbial Biosurfactants in Detergents — Detergent use is generally associated with cleaning and preservation practices; however, some have risks to the environment and human health. Detergents can be defined as an aqueous solution of surfactant with cleaning properties. The task of surfactants, which have both hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts, in detergents is to facilitate the removal of stains from the surface by lowering the
[208] Development of Surfactants and Builders in Detergent Formulations — Surfactants and builders are the two most important ingredients in laundry, household and personal-care cleaning products. They play a key role in washing processes. The development of various surfactants (e.g., anionic, nonionic, cationic, zwitterionic, and silicone surfactants) and builders (inorganic, organic and polymeric builders) used in the detergent compositions are reviewed and their
[210] Pharmaceutical Industry: Role of Analytical Chemistry — In the competitive and highly regulated pharmaceutical landscape, analytical chemistry not only ensures drug efficacy and safety but also aids in the optimization of formulations and processes.Regulatory authorities, such as the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), rely on analytical chemistry to verify that pharmaceutical products comply with established safety and efficacy standards.Analytical chemistry is paramount in drug development, serving as an indispensable tool for understanding the properties and behaviors of potential pharmaceutical compounds.Understanding how a drug is absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and excreted (ADME) is crucial.Analytical methods provide the quantitative data necessary for these assessments, allowing scientists to refine dosing regimens and improve efficacy while minimizing adverse effects.This highlights the intrinsic value that analytical chemistry holds in the formulation of safe and effective medications.In the realm of pharmaceuticals, a multitude of analytical techniques are employed to ensure drug quality, safety, and efficacy.
[211] The Role of Analytical Chemistry in Pharmaceuticals — Analytical chemistry plays a crucial role in the development, manufacturing, and quality control of pharmaceuticals.The pharmaceutical industry is one of the most heavily regulated sectors, and ensuring the safety, efficacy, and quality of drugs is of utmost importance.For a drug to be effective, it must be free from impurities that could compromise its safety or efficacy.Pharmaceuticals must remain effective and safe throughout their shelf life.Analytical chemistry is used in stability studies to monitor the degradation of drugs over time under various environmental conditions (temperature, humidity, light).Analytical chemistry is indispensable in meeting these regulatory standards.Analytical chemistry continues to play a vital role in monitoring its safety and effectiveness.
[212] Role of analytical chemistry in industry and research — In the pharmaceutical industry, analytical chemistry is vital for drug development, ensuring the purity, potency, and safety of medications.Techniques such as high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and mass spectrometry are routinely used to analyze active ingredients and detect impurities.The pharmaceutical industry heavily relies on analytical chemistry to ensure the efficacy, safety, and quality of drugs.This discipline serves as the cornerstone for every stage of drug development, from initial research through to post-market surveillance.Throughout the production process, analytical chemistry ensures that each batch of medication meets established pharmacopoeial standards.This involves rigorous testing for purity and concentration, often utilizing methods like mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Analytical chemistry is not just a supporting discipline; it is integral to the entire lifecycle of pharmaceutical products.
[214] Activity and safety evaluation of natural preservatives — With the improvement of living standards, people are developing safer natural preservatives to replace synthetic preservatives, including plant derived preservatives (polyphenols, essential oils, flavonoids), animal derived preservatives (lysozyme, antimicrobial peptide, chitosan) and microorganism derived preservatives (nisin, natamycin, ε-polylysine, phage). This review summarizes the natural bioactive compounds (polyphenols, flavonoids and terpenoids, etc.) in these preservatives, their antioxidant and antibacterial activities, and safety evaluation in various products. They inhibit the growth of spoilage microorganisms, pathogens, and lipid oxidation, extend the shelf life of food and ensure product safety (Mittal et al., 2023). Natural preservatives are extracted from plants, animals, and microorganisms, with a wide range of sources and strong antibacterial activity, providing a new way to extend the shelf life of food (Zhang et al., 2023).
[224] Lactamization in Drug Synthesis: Key Insights and Applications — Lactamization plays a crucial role in pharmaceutical development, enabling the synthesis of bioactive molecules with diverse therapeutic applications.This reaction forms lactams—cyclic amides—through intramolecular cyclization, contributing to the structural framework of many antibiotics and other biologically significant compounds.β-Lactams, four-membered cyclic amides, are central to antibiotic development.Their high ring strain enhances reactivity, making them susceptible to nucleophilic attack.This property underlies their antibacterial mechanism, as β-lactam antibiotics, including penicillins and cephalosporins, inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis by targeting penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs).Bacterial β-lactamases hydrolyze the β-lactam ring, leading to resistance, which has driven the development of β-lactamase inhibitors like clavulanic acid.Macrocyclic lactams, with rings of eight or more members, are prominent in natural products and synthetic drug design.
[225] PDF — Organic chemistry plays a central role in this journey, providing the fundamental principles and tools necessary to synthesize, modify and optimize these compounds for specific therapeutic purposes. The role of organic chemistry Organic chemist ry, the branc h of chemistr y that focuses on carbon-based compounds, underpins much of drug discovery.
[226] Organic Chemistry in Drug Design - Modern Pharmaceuticals — From aspirin to modern cancer treatments, organic chemistry is at the heart of these innovations.The role of organic chemistry in drug design is not just a theoretical concept; it’s the backbone of every medication, injection, and treatment that positively impacts a patient’s life.Organic chemistry allows scientists to create and modify molecules for targeted drug therapies.Chemists adjust functional groups such as amines, esters and hydroxyls to make drugs more effective.They also optimize molecular structure to improve performance, reduce side effects and ensure safe delivery.Organic chemistry has changed the way drugs used to fight cancer are designed.Chemists create molecules that specifically target cancer cells while causing minimal harm to healthy cells.