Alternative dispute resolution is a field of study and a set of methodologies encompassing various processes for resolving conflicts and disputes outside of traditional court litigation. As an academic concept and practical approach, it investigates the theory, practice, and effectiveness of non-adversarial and semi-adversarial methods such as negotiation, mediation, arbitration, and conciliation. Its key characteristics include flexibility, party autonomy (in many forms), confidentiality, and a focus on efficient, cost-effective, and potentially relationship-preserving outcomes compared to judicial proceedings, highlighting its significance in providing accessible and tailored pathways to conflict resolution.