Table of Contents
Overview
Definition of Metabolism
Metabolism refers to the comprehensive array of biochemical reactions that occur within living organisms, facilitating the conversion of nutrients into energy and the synthesis of essential cellular materials. The term itself is derived from the Greek word meaning "to change," which aptly describes the dynamic processes that maintain homeostasis within cells, tissues, and organisms.[1.1] At its core, metabolism encompasses two primary components: catabolism, which involves the breakdown of molecules to release energy, and anabolism, which focuses on the synthesis of larger biomolecules from smaller precursors.[4.1] In a systemic context, major metabolic organs such as the brain, liver, pancreas, adipose tissue, and muscle work in concert to regulate energy production and storage derived from food intake.[2.1] This intricate network of reactions not only provides energy necessary for life processes but also supports the synthesis of macromolecules vital for cellular function.[3.1] The pancreas plays a crucial role in metabolic regulation by managing blood glucose levels through the secretion of insulin and glucagon, while the liver is involved in complex processes such as reverse cholesterol metabolism.[5.1] Furthermore, central metabolic pathways, including glycolysis and the citric acid cycle, are conserved across all domains of life, indicating their fundamental importance in evolutionary biology.[6.1] These pathways are characterized by their efficiency in producing energy-conveying molecules, such as ATP and NADH, which are essential for various cellular processes.[6.1] Thus, metabolism is not merely a collection of isolated reactions but a highly coordinated system that sustains life by ensuring the continuous flow of energy and materials necessary for growth and maintenance.Importance of Metabolism in Body Functions
Metabolism plays a crucial role in maintaining the body's energy balance and supporting various physiological functions. It encompasses the sum of chemical reactions that occur within living cells, providing the necessary energy for life processes and the synthesis of cellular materials. These reactions are coordinated and enzyme-mediated, allowing organisms to extract energy from their environments effectively.[7.1] The metabolic pathways involved in energy production can be categorized into two main types: catabolic and anabolic pathways. Catabolic pathways, such as glycolysis and the citric acid cycle, break down nutrients to release energy, while anabolic pathways utilize this energy to build and store cellular components.[21.1] The balance between these pathways is essential for metabolic homeostasis, ensuring that cells have adequate energy and building blocks to function properly.[21.1] Exercise significantly influences metabolic processes, with different types of exercise eliciting distinct metabolic responses. For instance, anaerobic exercise, characterized by high intensity, can lead to metabolic acidosis and alter acid-base homeostasis in athletes.[8.1] This type of exercise primarily relies on anaerobic glycolysis and the phosphocreatine shuttle for energy during short bursts of activity.[10.1] In contrast, aerobic exercise promotes extensive metabolic and molecular remodeling of skeletal muscle, which can ameliorate metabolic dysfunction and prevent chronic diseases.[11.1] The intensity of exercise determines the relative contributions of aerobic and anaerobic metabolism, highlighting the integrative nature of these pathways.[9.1] Furthermore, dietary patterns significantly impact metabolic pathways and energy expenditure. High-carbohydrate diets have been shown to enhance performance during high-intensity exercise by ensuring that muscle cells are adequately stocked with glycogen, thereby allowing for longer training durations.[17.1] Conversely, studies indicate that high-fat diets can also lead to weight loss and improved metabolic outcomes, suggesting that the type of diet can influence metabolic efficiency and energy utilization.[20.1]In this section:
History
Early Studies of Metabolism
The study of metabolism has evolved significantly over the centuries, beginning with early observations and analyses of bodily fluids, particularly urine. Ancient physicians regarded urine as a "divine fluid," which they believed provided insights into the inner workings of the human body. This practice, known as uroscopy, was a primary diagnostic tool for approximately 6,000 years, allowing early doctors to detect bodily changes based on the color and characteristics of urine.[59.1] For instance, yellow urine was considered a sign of health, while darker urine indicated an increase in waste, and lighter urine suggested some form of bodily weakness.[58.1] During the Middle Ages, the analysis of urine became more systematic, with physicians developing the ability to interpret its color and sediment as indicators of health.[59.1] However, by the thirteenth century, the practice began to decline in rigor, as some physicians relied on urine samples that were not necessarily from the patient, leading to potential misdiagnoses.[60.1] Despite these misconceptions, the early studies of urine laid the groundwork for understanding metabolic processes and the relationship between bodily functions and health. In addition to urine analysis, the historical development of metabolic pathways is crucial to understanding metabolism's evolution. The emergence of these pathways marked a significant step in molecular and cellular evolution, driven by selective pressures in the prebiotic environment that favored cells capable of synthesizing essential molecules.[50.1] Over time, the focus of metabolic studies shifted from whole organisms to individual metabolic reactions, reflecting advancements in biochemistry and molecular biology.[49.1] Today, the integration of modern technologies such as genomics, transcriptomics, and metabolomics has further enhanced our understanding of metabolic pathways and their regulation, providing a more comprehensive view of cellular functions and interactions.[63.1] This ongoing research continues to build on the foundational studies of metabolism, revealing the complexities of metabolic networks and their implications for health and disease.Key Contributors to Metabolic Research
The understanding of metabolism has evolved significantly over the centuries, shaped by numerous key contributors and pivotal discoveries. In the 1930s, the Cori family made groundbreaking advancements in glycogen metabolism, notably isolating glucose-1-phosphate, referred to as the "Cori ester," which was instrumental in elucidating the biochemical pathways involved in glycogenolysis.[75.1] Their work laid the foundation for further exploration of metabolic pathways. The discovery of the Cori cycle in the 1950s marked another significant milestone, revealing the biochemical process by which lactate is converted back to glucose in the liver. This discovery enhanced the understanding of glucose metabolism, particularly in relation to conditions such as diabetes.[77.1] Additionally, during the same decade, Dr. Otto Warburg's research highlighted the metabolic adaptations of cancer cells, demonstrating that these cells exhibit distinct metabolic alterations compared to normal cells, a phenomenon that underscores the importance of tumor hypoxia.[68.1] In the 1980s, significant insights were provided by researchers like Kahn, who elucidated the mechanisms by which insulin regulates glucose uptake and metabolism. This work was crucial for understanding insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes.[77.1] Concurrently, studies on fatty acid metabolism revealed the critical role of fatty acid oxidation in energy metabolism, further contributing to the understanding of metabolic diseases.[77.1] The 1990s saw the discovery of leptin, a hormone that plays a vital role in regulating energy balance and body weight, opening new avenues for treating obesity and cancer.[77.1] This period also marked a shift in focus towards the central role of mitochondria in energy metabolism, with researchers identifying mitochondrial dysfunction as a contributing factor to various metabolic diseases, thus providing a theoretical basis for the development of mitochondria-targeted therapies.[77.1] Throughout history, the exploration of metabolism has been influenced by various texts and ideas, particularly during the Middle Ages. The medieval interest in "regimen," encompassing diet and lifestyle, reflects an early emphasis on preventive medicine and personal responsibility for health.[73.1] Furthermore, the pre-Cartesian thought of the Middle Ages, which emphasized the connections between mind, body, and emotion, offers intriguing parallels to contemporary neuroscientific theories.[74.1]Types Of Metabolism
Catabolism
Catabolism is a critical aspect of metabolism, encompassing the biochemical processes that break down complex molecules into simpler ones, thereby releasing energy stored in chemical bonds. This process is essential for providing the energy necessary for various cellular functions and activities. Catabolic reactions are characterized by their role in decomposing biomolecules, which can then be oxidized or utilized in anabolic processes to create new, larger molecules.[98.1] The balance between catabolism and its counterpart, anabolism, is vital for maintaining metabolic homeostasis within the body. Catabolic pathways, such as glycolysis and the citric acid cycle, are responsible for generating adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the primary energy currency of the cell, through the breakdown of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins.[97.1] The energy released from catabolic reactions is crucial as it fuels anabolic reactions, which synthesize complex molecules from simpler ones, requiring energy input.[99.1] Moreover, the regulation of catabolic processes is influenced by various factors, including hormonal signals and nutritional status. For instance, during periods of fasting or intense physical activity, catabolic pathways are upregulated to meet the body's energy demands.[95.1] Enzymes play a significant role in controlling the rate of catabolic reactions, ensuring that energy is released efficiently and in accordance with the body's needs.[97.1]Anabolism
Anabolism refers to the set of metabolic pathways that construct molecules from smaller units, a process that requires energy input. This energy-intensive process is essential for growth, repair, and energy storage within the body. Anabolic pathways utilize various hormones, including insulin and anabolic steroids, to facilitate the synthesis of complex molecules such as proteins, nucleic acids, glycogen, and triglycerides.[115.1] The balance between anabolic and catabolic processes is crucial for maintaining metabolic homeostasis. Anabolic pathways build and store energy, while catabolic pathways release energy through the breakdown of nutrients.[113.1] For instance, during resistance training, anabolic signaling is enhanced, which can counteract age-associated muscle loss by reversing the activation of catabolic and apoptotic pathways.[103.1] Moreover, the effectiveness of anabolic processes can be influenced by factors such as exercise duration and intensity. Research indicates that sustained exercise training leads to chronic metabolic adaptations that favor anabolic processes, including increases in anabolic hormones like testosterone.[101.1] These adaptations are vital for optimizing muscle growth and overall metabolic health, particularly in older adults who may experience a natural decline in anabolic signaling.[103.1] Understanding the biochemical pathways involved in anabolism allows for the development of targeted nutritional strategies that can enhance these processes. For example, tailored macronutrient ratios based on individual metabolic types can support anabolic activity and improve athletic performance.[107.1] By customizing nutrition to align with one's metabolic needs, individuals can effectively promote muscle growth and recovery, thereby enhancing their fitness journey.[107.1]Factors Influencing Metabolism
Environmental and Lifestyle Factors
Environmental and lifestyle factors play a significant role in influencing metabolism. Key components include age, gender, stress, genetics, body size, muscle mass, hormonal levels, and environmental conditions, alongside nutrition and physical activity, which are crucial for metabolic health.[121.1] The basal metabolic rate (BMR), which constitutes 50-80% of total energy expenditure, is particularly affected by muscle mass; individuals with greater muscle tissue require more energy at rest compared to those with higher fat mass.[122.1] Engaging in regular aerobic activities, such as running or cycling, can elevate heart rate and energy expenditure during exercise, while strength training is essential for building muscle mass, thereby enhancing BMR over time.[123.1] Hormonal factors also significantly impact metabolism. For instance, thyroxine (T4) is a critical hormone that regulates metabolic functions, and imbalances can lead to conditions such as hyperthyroidism, which increases BMR and promotes weight loss.[125.1] Moreover, lifestyle choices, including dietary habits and physical activity levels, are pivotal in managing metabolic rates. A balanced diet rich in whole foods, combined with regular exercise, can improve metabolic function and overall health.[123.1] Psychological factors, such as stress management and motivation, are also vital; interventions that incorporate cognitive behavioral strategies have shown promise in promoting healthy eating and regular exercise, which are essential for metabolic health.[128.1] Furthermore, sleep quality is integral to metabolic processes. Adequate sleep is necessary for the regulation of hormones that control appetite and metabolism, and chronic sleep deprivation can adversely affect carbohydrate metabolism, increasing the risk of diabetes.[152.1]Recent Advancements
Metabolomics and Biomarker Discovery
Metabolomics has emerged as a pivotal field in the discovery of biomarkers for various diseases, significantly enhancing the precision of personalized medicine. Recent advancements in metabolomics have enabled the identification of disease biomarkers across a range of conditions, including cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, cardiovascular diseases, and metabolic health issues. These developments are largely attributed to improvements in technology and analytical capabilities, which facilitate the detection of complex metabolic profiles associated with these diseases.[180.1] The integration of metabolomics with other omics technologies, such as genomics and proteomics, has further advanced our understanding of metabolic pathways in disease. By analyzing a patient's comprehensive metabolic, proteomic, and genetic profiles, healthcare providers can identify relevant diagnostic and predictive biomarkers, thereby tailoring treatment plans for both acute and chronic metabolic disorders.[182.1] This multidisciplinary approach not only enhances the accuracy of disease diagnosis but also improves treatment targeting and management strategies.[183.1] Moreover, metabolomics plays a crucial role in pharmacometabonomics, which correlates baseline metabolic profiles with patient responses to clinical drugs. This correlation aids in patient stratification and the prediction of disease susceptibility, allowing for more personalized therapeutic interventions.[181.1] For instance, targeted metabolomic analyses have been employed to investigate fatty acid profiles in different patient groups, revealing specific biomarkers that predict the development of metabolic conditions over time.[181.1] The increasing importance of cellular biomarkers in drug development is also noteworthy. Advances in high-parameter, single-cell analysis technologies are expected to enhance the drug development process by providing deeper insights into cellular heterogeneity and molecular interactions.[187.1] Single-cell metabolic analysis has the potential to identify and validate disease-specific or therapy-specific biomarkers, which can predict patient responses to treatments.[188.1] Techniques such as single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) are being utilized to improve biomarker identification for patient stratification and to monitor drug responses more precisely.[189.1]Technological Innovations in Metabolic Research
Recent advancements in metabolic research have been significantly influenced by technological innovations, particularly in the fields of artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning, and single-cell analysis. AI-based approaches have emerged as pivotal tools in predicting drug metabolism and excretion, utilizing deep learning and machine learning algorithms to enhance the efficiency of drug development processes. These computational models allow researchers to screen vast numbers of chemical compounds, identifying viable candidates for therapeutic use while addressing the high costs associated with traditional drug research and development methods.[166.1] Single-cell metabolic analysis has also gained prominence, providing a nuanced understanding of drug pathways, therapeutic targets, and disease models. This technique enables researchers to evaluate variations in RNA, proteins, metabolites, and drug molecules at the single-cell level, thereby facilitating the identification of metabolic changes in response to drug administration. The integration of various detection techniques, such as optical imaging, Raman spectroscopy, and mass spectrometry, further enhances the capabilities of single-cell analysis in pharmacological research.[169.1] However, challenges remain in the standardization and development of mass spectrometry-based single-cell metabolomics, which is still in its early stages.[168.1] Moreover, metabolomics has proven invaluable in drug research and development, aiding in the understanding of disease mechanisms, identifying drug targets, and predicting drug responses. Recent advancements in analytical techniques have significantly improved the application of metabolomics in personalized medicine, allowing for tailored treatment strategies based on individual metabolic profiles.[170.1] This personalized approach is further supported by the growing body of research on metabolic disorders, which emphasizes the need for innovative solutions to address the rising prevalence of conditions such as obesity and type 2 diabetes.[172.1]In this section:
Metabolism And Health
Metabolic Disorders
Metabolic disorders, particularly metabolic syndrome (MetS), are increasingly recognized for their significant impact on health outcomes, including an elevated risk of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases, as well as increased all-cause and cardiovascular mortality.[212.1] The prevalence of these disorders is influenced by a complex interplay of genetic, environmental, and socioeconomic factors, particularly in Indigenous populations, where cardiometabolic disorders are notably more common.[210.1] Key risk factors for MetS include aging, sedentary lifestyles, prolonged sitting, high occupational stress, and dietary patterns typical of Western diets.[211.1] Socioeconomic status (SES) and lifestyle choices are critical contributors to the risk of developing MetS, with studies indicating that economic and social vulnerabilities correlate with higher incidences of these disorders.[212.1] Access to healthcare is also a significant determinant of health outcomes, as it encompasses the timely use of personal health services necessary for disease prevention and management.[213.1] Disparities in healthcare access, often influenced by race, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status, can exacerbate the prevalence of metabolic disorders.[213.1] Community-based interventions have shown promise in addressing these disparities and promoting metabolic health. For instance, a community-based Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP) has been effective in reducing the prevalence of MetS among overweight or obese African American women.[230.1] Such programs often utilize minimally trained community peers to deliver interventions, demonstrating that lifestyle modifications can lead to improved clinical and metabolic outcomes.[231.1] Evidence suggests that these interventions, which include nutritional counseling and physical activity, can significantly enhance health-related quality of life and reduce the incidence of metabolic disorders.[233.1]Impact of Metabolism on Weight Management
Metabolism plays a crucial role in weight management by influencing how the body converts food into energy and how efficiently it utilizes that energy. The three distinct metabolic types—endomorph, ectomorph, and mesomorph—each exhibit different metabolic rates, which can significantly affect an individual's ability to manage weight. Endomorphs typically have a slower metabolism, making it more challenging for them to lose weight, while ectomorphs possess a faster metabolism, allowing them to burn calories more efficiently. Mesomorphs, on the other hand, have a balanced metabolism that falls between the two extremes, providing them with a more favorable condition for weight management.[204.1] Understanding metabolism is essential for optimizing overall health and weight management. Metabolism encompasses all biochemical reactions in the body that convert nutrients from food into usable energy, which is vital for various bodily functions, including respiration, circulation, and cellular regeneration.[208.1] A healthy metabolism not only aids in energy production but also plays a pivotal role in repairing tissues and regulating weight.[209.1] Dietary habits significantly influence metabolic rates and, consequently, weight management. The intake of macronutrients—proteins, carbohydrates, and fats—affects how the body processes energy. For instance, carbohydrates provide the quickest source of energy, while fats are metabolized more slowly.[222.1] Scientific guidelines recommend a balanced diet where 45-65% of daily calories come from carbohydrates, 10-35% from protein, and 20-35% from fats, which supports overall health and energy needs.[224.1] Moreover, the timing of macronutrient intake can also impact metabolic health. Consuming carbohydrates earlier in the day may align better with the body's natural insulin response, potentially improving metabolic outcomes and aiding in weight management.[225.1] Exercise type further influences metabolic rates and weight management. Resistance training (RT) has been shown to increase lean body mass and resting metabolic rate, which can help in weight management by enhancing the body's ability to burn calories even at rest.[226.1] However, aerobic training (AT) has been found to be more effective than RT for reducing body fat and overall body mass when time is held constant.[227.1] Therefore, a combination of aerobic and resistance training may provide comprehensive benefits for weight management, although AT alone may be more effective for fat loss.[227.1]In this section:
Future Perspectives
Precision Health and Metabolism
The integration of metabolomics into precision health is poised to revolutionize the understanding and management of diseases. Metabolomics, which involves the profiling of metabolites in biological matrices, serves as a crucial tool for biomarker discovery and personalized medicine, elucidating the ultimate products of genomic processes.[260.1] The future of metabolomics in clinical practice is promising, as advances in technology are paving the way for its incorporation into routine healthcare. This integration is expected to enhance disease prevention, diagnosis, and treatment, ultimately leading to improved health outcomes and longevity.[248.1] Recent developments in functional metabolomics have shown significant potential in various fields, including cancer and metabolic diseases. These advancements suggest that functional metabolomics will play an increasingly important role in clarifying disease mechanisms and identifying novel treatment strategies.[250.1] The application of metabolomics in clinical settings is anticipated to evolve, with a focus on validating metabolomic-derived markers and implementing them in large-scale clinical studies.[254.1] This will facilitate the integration of biological information with clinical data, enabling personalized analyses that cater to individual patient needs.[253.1] Moreover, the combination of metabolomics with other omics technologies, such as genomics and proteomics, offers a holistic perspective on disease mechanisms. This multiomics integration can reveal complex regulatory networks and interactions among biological processes, providing new insights into disease and enhancing the development of effective treatment strategies.[262.1] As researchers continue to explore the interplay between metabolites and cellular functions, the potential for personalized medicine will expand, allowing for the identification of patient-specific diagnostics and therapeutic approaches.[259.1]Challenges in Metabolic Research
The integration of metabolomics into routine clinical practice faces several significant challenges that must be addressed to facilitate its widespread adoption. One of the primary obstacles is the necessity for large, prospective, and costly studies aimed at validating existing metabolomics-based biomarkers and discovering new ones that have a high potential for translation into precision medicine. These studies are not only time-consuming but also require substantial financial investment, which can hinder progress in the field.[255.1] Moreover, the complexity of metabolomic data presents another challenge. The interpretation of metabolomic profiles requires advanced analytical techniques and a deep understanding of metabolic pathways, which may not be readily available in all clinical settings. This complexity can lead to difficulties in standardizing metabolomic tests and ensuring their reliability and reproducibility across different laboratories.[255.1] Additionally, there is a need for comprehensive training for healthcare professionals to effectively utilize metabolomics in clinical practice. Without adequate education and resources, the potential benefits of metabolomics may not be fully realized, limiting its application in precision medicine.[255.1]References
[1] Overview of Metabolism | Cell Signaling Technology — Overview of Metabolism and Metabolic Disorders. Metabolism and Metabolic Disorders. The word metabolism originates from the Greek "to change" and accordingly defines all of the chemical changes or processes within cells, tissues, and organisms that maintain homeostasis. The focus here is to review the different metabolic pathways at the
[2] Metabolism - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics — 1 Introduction. Metabolism is a network of highly interconnected biochemical reactions that use nutrients to generate metabolic products, such as energy and macromolecules. In a systemic view, major metabolic organs including the brain, liver, pancreas, adipose tissue and muscle cooperate with each other to determine whether to produce or store energy obtained from foods to maintain the
[3] Metabolism | Definition, Process, & Biology | Britannica — Metabolism, the sum of chemical reactions that take place in living cells, providing energy for life processes and the synthesis of cellular material. Living organisms are unique in that they extract energy from their environments via hundreds of coordinated, multistep, enzyme-mediated reactions. ... A summary of metabolism The unity of life
[4] 29.01A: Overview of Metabolism - Biology LibreTexts — Metabolism can be divided into two main parts, catabolism, the degradation of molecules, usually to produce energy or small molecules useful for cell function, and anabolism, the synthesis of larger biomolecules from small precursors.
[5] Physiology, Metabolism - StatPearls - NCBI Bookshelf — Physiology, Metabolism - StatPearls - NCBI Bookshelf Metabolism refers to the whole sum of reactions that occur throughout the body within each cell and that provide the body with energy. The pancreas is the key metabolic organ that regulates the number of carbohydrates in the blood, either by releasing significant amounts of insulin to downregulate the levels of blood glucose or by releasing glucagon to upregulate them. The liver secretes a new form of a complex molecule called VLDL that transports endogenous lipids and fat to peripheral tissues that express hormone-sensitive lipase and lipoprotein lipase. This process is called "reverse cholesterol metabolism." Both are regulated by insulin, which stimulates lipases in the organism but suppresses lipolysis. Amino acid metabolism occurs in 2 kinds of chemical reactions.
[6] Metabolism - Wikipedia — This process generates the energy-conveying molecule NADH from NAD+, and generates ATP from ADP for use in powering many processes within the cell. Pyruvate is an intermediate in several metabolic pathways, but the majority is converted to acetyl-CoA and fed into the citric acid cycle, which enables more ATP production by means of oxidative phosphorylation. The central pathways of metabolism described above, such as glycolysis and the citric acid cycle, are present in all three domains of living things and were present in the last universal common ancestor. This universal ancestral cell was prokaryotic and probably a methanogen that had extensive amino acid, nucleotide, carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. The retention of these ancient pathways during later evolution may be the result of these reactions having been an optimal solution to their particular metabolic problems, with pathways such as glycolysis and the citric acid cycle producing their end products highly efficiently and in a minimal number of steps. The first pathways of enzyme-based metabolism may have been parts of purine nucleotide metabolism, while previous metabolic pathways were a part of the ancient RNA world.
[7] Metabolism | Definition, Process, & Biology | Britannica — Metabolism, the sum of chemical reactions that take place in living cells, providing energy for life processes and the synthesis of cellular material. Living organisms are unique in that they extract energy from their environments via hundreds of coordinated, multistep, enzyme-mediated reactions.
[8] Summatory Effects of Anaerobic Exercise and a 'Westernized Athletic ... — Anaerobic exercise decreases systemic pH and increases metabolic acidosis in athletes, altering the acid-base homeostasis. The main objectives of this review were the following: (i) to describe how high-intensity exercise promotes acid-base disturbance, (ii) how specific nutritional recommendations in athletes (high protein, simple carbohydrates, and supplements, here termed as WAN) contribute to aggravating systemic acid load, and (iii) describe the importance of GM balance to co-ordinately modulate acid-base balance through the bacterial potential to buffer acidosis through the gut. Common keywords used to search for articles were the following: “effects of diet on metabolic acidosis and exercise”, “metabolic acidosis and systemic inflammation”, “high-intensity exercise, pH and acid base homeostasis”, “anaerobic exercise effects on gut microbiota”, and “high animal protein diet, gut microbiota and metabolic acidosis”.
[9] Exercise Metabolism in Health and Disease | SpringerLink — The aforementioned metabolic pathways do not function independently, but in an integrative manner, where the main factor determining the relative contribution of aerobic and anaerobic metabolism is exercise intensity.
[10] Metabolic response to exercise - PubMed — Energy for skeletal muscle contraction is supplied by anaerobic and aerobic metabolic pathways. The former can allow short bursts of intense physical activity (60-90 sec) and utilizes as energetic source the phosphocreatine shuttle and anaerobic glycolysis. The aerobic system is the most efficient ATP source for skeletal muscle.
[11] Exercise Metabolism and the Molecular Regulation of ... - Cell Press — Preservation of aerobic fitness and skeletal muscle strength through exercise training can ameliorate metabolic dysfunction and prevent chronic disease. These benefits are mediated in part by extensive metabolic and molecular remodeling of skeletal muscle by exercise. Aerobic and resistance exercise represent extremes on the exercise continuum and elicit markedly different training responses
[17] The Advantages of a High-Carb/Low-Fat Diet — Understanding How Your Body Gets Power: The 3 Metabolic Pathways. ... For example, time to exhaustion when doing high-intensity exercise is much longer on a high-carb diet, compared to a high-fat diet; i.e., a high-carb diet allows you to train harder for longer. That's because a high-carb diet ensures your muscle cells are fully stocked with
[20] High-Fat Diet vs. High-Carb Diet: Which Is Healthier? — A separate 24-week study of 120 overweight subjects comparing low-carb, high-fat versus low-fat, high-carb diets found that the high-fat diet resulted in more weight loss and a lower dropout rate from the study. A two-week crossover study from 2015 comparing high-carb and high-fat diets concluded that higher-carb diets result in more fat loss.
[21] Understanding Metabolism: Anabolic and Catabolic Pathways — Understanding Metabolism: Anabolic and Catabolic Pathways • BNS Institute Understanding Metabolism: Anabolic and Catabolic Pathways In this blog, we will unravel the mysteries of metabolism, focusing on its two main components: anabolic and catabolic pathways. Examples of catabolic processes include glycolysis, where glucose is broken down to produce ATP, and the citric acid cycle, which generates energy through the oxidation of acetyl-CoA derived from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. The balance between these two pathways is essential for maintaining metabolic homeostasis, ensuring that cells have the necessary energy and building blocks to function properly. Enzymes play a crucial role in regulating metabolic pathways. Anabolic pathways build and store energy, while catabolic pathways release energy through the breakdown of nutrients.
[49] History of Metabolomics - News-Medical.net — This article will describe a brief overview of the history of metabolomics, from early conceptual ideas in ancient history, the development of technology, and breakthrough findings in fields in more recent times. The color, taste and smell of urine were also linked to certain medical conditions in the Middle Ages, which are now known to be linked to the metabolomics of the organism. All Metabolomics Content What is Metabolomics? Retrieved on January 16, 2025 from https://www.news-medical.net/life-sciences/History-of-Metabolomics.aspx. <https://www.news-medical.net/life-sciences/History-of-Metabolomics.aspx>. https://www.news-medical.net/life-sciences/History-of-Metabolomics.aspx. News-Medical, viewed 16 January 2025, https://www.news-medical.net/life-sciences/History-of-Metabolomics.aspx. News-Medical.Net provides this medical information service in accordance with these terms and conditions. Content provided on any AZoNetwork sites are subject to the site Terms & Conditions and Privacy Policy.
[50] Origin and evolution of metabolic pathways - PubMed — The emergence and evolution of metabolic pathways represented a crucial step in molecular and cellular evolution. In fact, the exhaustion of the prebiotic supply of amino acids and other compounds that were likely present in the ancestral environment, imposed an important selective pressure, favoring those primordial heterotrophic cells which became capable of synthesizing those molecules.
[58] Urinalysis in Western culture: A brief history - ScienceDirect — Urine stemmed from the third digestion. Yellow urine was considered healthy, darker urine was due to an increase in waste, and light urine was due to some type of bodily weakness. 16 Actuarius also concentrated on urine's sediment, hypothesizing that the body's elements separated based on their densities. Fire and air, being light, rose to the
[59] Urinalysis in Medical Diagnosis: the Historical and Contemporary Usage — One of the indispensable abilities of a young medieval doctor was the capability to read urine colour, given that urine was regarded as a divine fluid and considered to be a window to the human body. The observation of urine enabled the detection of bodily changes, and it served as the first laboratory test for thousands of years.
[60] Early Doctors Diagnosed Disease by Looking at Urine — Uroscopy, in early schools of learned medicine, was a diagnostic tool to be used in conjunction with conducting thorough examinations and speaking with the patient. By the thirteenth century, something went awry. Imagine the following scene: Someone shows up at a medieval physician's door with a flask of urine—not their own, necessarily. They foist the flask into the hand of a physician
[63] Recent Advances in Plant Metabolomics: From Metabolic Pathways to ... — The integration of metabolomics with other -omics data, including genomics, transcriptomics, and proteomics, through systems biology approaches provides us with a more complete overview of metabolic network regulation and cellular functions .
[68] Metabolic adaptations of cancer in extreme tumor microenvironments — The metabolic adaptation of cancer cells was originally reported in the Origin of Cancer by Dr. Otto Warburg, demonstrating that cancer cells acquire metabolic alterations compared with normal cells, in the 1950s. 1 This phenomenon emphasizes the importance of tumor hypoxia and metabolic adaptations.
[73] Medieval Manuscripts: Introduction - National Library of Medicine — Moreover, even among the texts of purely historical interest, we may find ideas and attitudes that are still relevant. The medieval interest in "regimen," that is, diet and "life style," reminds us that the emphasis on preventive medicine and personal responsibility for one's health is not a new idea. The medieval physician's recognition of the
[74] Voices and Visions: Mind, Body and Affect in Medieval Writing — The pre-Cartesian thought world of the Middle Ages is of particular interest because of its privileging of the connections between mind, body and emotion. The medieval understanding of the emotions as profoundly affective, and of cognition as shaped by affect, looks forward in intriguing ways to the theories of contemporary neuroscientists.
[75] Breaking Barriers: The Life and Legacy of Gerty Cori in Biochemical ... — Pioneering discoveries in glycogen metabolism: the Cori ester and key enzymes. In 1936, the Coris expanded their research to include hexose monophosphate in glycogenolysis and made a pivotal discovery by isolating glucose-1-phosphate, commonly known as the "Cori ester."
[77] Energy metabolism in health and diseases | Signal Transduction and ... — In the 1950s, the discovery of the Cori cycle revealed the biochemical pathway by which lactate is converted back to glucose in the liver, enhancing our understanding of glucose metabolism in conditions such as diabetes.42,66 In the 1980s, Kahn provided crucial insights into how insulin regulates glucose uptake and metabolism, thereby enhancing our understanding of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes (T2DM).45,48,67 Concurrently, in-depth studies of fatty acid metabolism have highlighted the critical role of FAO in energy metabolism, offering essential clues to understanding the role of fats in metabolic diseases.68,69 In 1994, the discovery of leptin, a hormone that regulates energy balance and body weight, provided new possibilities for treating obesity and cancer.70,71 In the 1990s, researchers began to focus on the central role of mitochondria in energy metabolism, identifying mitochondrial dysfunction as a contributing factor to various metabolic diseases,72,73 thus providing a theoretical foundation for developing mitochondria-targeted therapies.
[95] Exploring Metabolism: The Balance of Catabolism and Anabolism — The Balance Between Catabolism and Anabolism. Maintaining a balance between catabolism and anabolism, known as metabolic homeostasis, is vital for optimal health. This balance ensures that your body efficiently handles energy requirements and builds or breaks down tissues as needed. Several factors influence this balance, including diet
[97] Understanding Metabolism: Anabolic and Catabolic Pathways — Understanding Metabolism: Anabolic and Catabolic Pathways • BNS Institute Understanding Metabolism: Anabolic and Catabolic Pathways In this blog, we will unravel the mysteries of metabolism, focusing on its two main components: anabolic and catabolic pathways. Examples of catabolic processes include glycolysis, where glucose is broken down to produce ATP, and the citric acid cycle, which generates energy through the oxidation of acetyl-CoA derived from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. The balance between these two pathways is essential for maintaining metabolic homeostasis, ensuring that cells have the necessary energy and building blocks to function properly. Enzymes play a crucial role in regulating metabolic pathways. Anabolic pathways build and store energy, while catabolic pathways release energy through the breakdown of nutrients.
[98] What Is Metabolism, Anabolism And Catabolism? - Science ABC — What Is Metabolism, Catabolism And Anabolism? What Is Metabolism, Anabolism And Catabolism? While those may seem like relatively simple objectives to achieve, the vital processes of the metabolism are what keep us alive; without usable energy converted from the food we eat, our bodies would shut down. Simply put, catabolism, also known as destructive metabolism, is the collection of processes that break down the food and liquid molecules that we consume into usable forms of energy. Catabolic processes break down biomolecules into smaller units, which can then be oxidized, or they can be used in anabolic processes (creative metabolism) to create new larger molecules. Anabolic processes are largely fueled by catabolic processes, as the body requires energy and the raw materials before it can do work and create more complex molecules.
[99] Energy Metabolism: Anabolic and Catabolic Pathways Explained — Energy Metabolism: Anabolic and Catabolic Pathways Explained Home Biology Topics with MCQs Biochemistry Metabolic Pathways: Anabolic vs. Metabolic Pathways: Anabolic vs. Metabolic Pathways: Anabolic vs. Metabolic pathways are broadly categorized into two types: anabolic and catabolic reactions. Anabolic Reactions: Synthesize complex molecules from simpler ones, requiring energy. Catabolic Reactions: Break down complex molecules into simpler forms, releasing energy. Catabolic Reactions: Breaking Down for Energy Catabolic reactions decompose complex molecules into simpler ones, releasing energy stored in chemical bonds. Energy released from catabolic reactions is used to drive anabolic reactions. Enzymes control the rate of both anabolic and catabolic reactions. Metabolic pathways, comprising anabolic and catabolic reactions, are essential for maintaining cellular and organismal homeostasis. Educational Institutions in India
[101] Exercise Metabolome: Insights for Health and Performance — Effects of Exercise Duration. The literature to date overwhelmingly supports both an acute metabolomic response to a bout of exercise as well as a chronic metabolic adaptation to exercise performed over a prolonged period of time. ... The metabolic effects of long-term, sustained exercise are critical to understand, as they carry important
[103] Exercise training increases anabolic and attenuates catabolic and ... — Six weeks of exercise training at 60% of VO2max reversed the age-associated activation of catabolic and apoptotic pathways and increased anabolic signaling. The results suggest that the age-associated loss of muscle mass and cachexia could be due to the orchestrated down-regulation of anabolic and up-regulation of catabolic and pro-apoptotic
[107] Tailored Macros for Every Body Type - LifeAsMama — By adopting a macronutrient ratio tailored to the ectomorph body type, individuals can optimize their nutrition and support their fitness journey. One key aspect of body type based nutrition for endomorphs is finding the right balance of macronutrients – proteins, carbohydrates, and fats. By customizing your macros to your body type and exercise routine, you can enhance your athletic performance, support muscle growth and recovery, and optimize your overall fitness journey. By understanding your body type and making adjustments to your macronutrient ratios, you can create a personalized nutrition plan that supports your unique needs and goals. Tailored macros can help support healthy aging by providing the right balance of nutrients to manage any hormonal challenges specific to your body type.
[113] Understanding Metabolism: Anabolic and Catabolic Pathways — Understanding Metabolism: Anabolic and Catabolic Pathways • BNS Institute Understanding Metabolism: Anabolic and Catabolic Pathways In this blog, we will unravel the mysteries of metabolism, focusing on its two main components: anabolic and catabolic pathways. Examples of catabolic processes include glycolysis, where glucose is broken down to produce ATP, and the citric acid cycle, which generates energy through the oxidation of acetyl-CoA derived from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. The balance between these two pathways is essential for maintaining metabolic homeostasis, ensuring that cells have the necessary energy and building blocks to function properly. Enzymes play a crucial role in regulating metabolic pathways. Anabolic pathways build and store energy, while catabolic pathways release energy through the breakdown of nutrients.
[115] Anabolism and Catabolism - Definitions and Differences — Home » Science Notes Posts » Biochemistry » Anabolism and Catabolism – Definitions and Differences Anabolism builds complex molecules from simpler ones, while catabolism breaks larger molecules into smaller ones. Differences Between Anabolism and Catabolism AnabolismCatabolismBuilds complex molecules from simpler onesBreaks complex molecules into smaller ones that are easier to absorb or excreteRequires energy (endothermic)Releases energy (exothermic); Often spontaneousConverts kinetic energy into potential energy (e.g., weightlifting)Converts potential energy into kinetic energy (e.g., aerobic exercise)Uses hormones including adrenalin, glucagon, and cortisolUses insulin and anabolic steroidsBuilds proteins, nucleic acids, glycogen, triglyceridesBreaks larger molecules into amino acids, glucose, fatty acids, carbon dioxide, waterUsed for growth, repair, and energy storagePerforms several activities, including thermoregulation, energy supply, digestion Anabolism and Catabolism Examples Anabolism and Catabolism Hormones
[121] Essential Factors That Affect Your Metabolism - HealthifyMe — The essential factors affecting metabolism include age, gender, stress, genetics, body size, muscle mass, hormonal and environmental factors, and many more. In addition, nutrition and physical activity are key factors affecting metabolism. For good health, adequate sleep and hydration are necessary. Conclusion
[122] 10 Factors that Affect your Metabolism - Inspired Chiropractic — The biggest component of your metabolism, (50-80%) of the energy used, is your basal metabolic rate (BMR), which is the energy your body burns just to maintain functioning at rest. Here are ten factors that affect BMR and metabolism: 1. Muscle mass. The amount of muscle tissue on your body. Muscle requires more energy to function than fat.
[123] Understanding the Key Factors Affecting Your Metabolism — Aerobic activities, such as running or cycling, increase heart rate and energy expenditure during exercise, while strength training builds muscle mass, leading to an increased basal metabolic rate over time. Consult healthcare professionals regarding medications and existing health conditions that may impact metabolic rates. By being mindful of age, gender, body composition, genetics, dietary habits, physical activity, hormones, stress levels, sleep quality, hydration, environmental factors, and health conditions, individuals can make informed choices to support their metabolic health. Implementing lifestyle changesâsuch as engaging in regular exercise, maintaining a balanced diet rich in whole foods, managing stress, prioritizing sleep, and staying hydratedâcan significantly enhance metabolic function and contribute to a healthier, more active life.
[125] Metabolism: Definition, Types, How It's Regulated, What Impacts It — What Is Metabolism? What Is Metabolism? While many hormones are involved in various chemical processes in the body, the thyroid hormone is largely responsible for regulating your metabolism. Hyperthyroidism, or excess thyroid hormone, increases your basal metabolic rate (resting energy expenditure) and encourages weight loss, the breakdown of fats and protein for energy, and reduced cholesterol levels. Your metabolism, or the rate at which your body's chemical reactions use energy, can be affected by many factors, such as: Diet: Resting metabolic rate is regulated by the number of calories consumed in your diet relative to energy used. Metabolism.
[128] Role of Behavioral Interventions in the Management of Obesity — All the articles found to reveal behavior modification techniques, including goal-setting, self-monitoring, stimulus control, cognitive restructuring, stress management, problem-solving, and social support and information were obtained by reading the full text of the articles. All the articles found to reveal behavior modification techniques, including goal-setting, self-monitoring, stimulus control, cognitive restructuring, stress management, problem-solving, and social support and information were obtained by reading the full text of the articles. Effective behavioral strategies for weight loss is heavy on behavior change techniques such as self-monitoring, physical activity, goal setting, problem-solving, support system, stressor and stimulus control, cognitive restructuring, alternative behaviors, continuous patient-centered care, weight control, and maintenance plan, structured meal plans, meal replacements, understanding portion control, and contingency management-making specific plans for "slip-ups" and alternative behaviors .
[152] Metabolic consequences of sleep and sleep loss - PMC — Adequate sleep duration and quality are important for the normal functioning of daily metabolic and hormonal processes and appetite regulation. It is clear that chronic sleep deprivation has deleterious effects on carbohydrate metabolism and is associated with an increased risk of diabetes.
[166] Artificial Intelligence in Drug Metabolism and Excretion Prediction ... — Artificial Intelligence in Drug Metabolism and Excretion Prediction: Recent Advances, Challenges, and Future Perspectives - PMC Given the high expense of conventional drug R&D, numerous computational algorithms for predicting the metabolism and excretion of therapeutic candidates have been developed, allowing for the screening of a large number of chemical compounds and subsequently finding a small number of viable candidates . We hope this review will be of interest to researchers working to enhance and develop several high-precision prediction models for drug metabolism and excretion. 85.Chen J.H., Yang H.B., Zhu L., Wu Z.R., Li W.H., Tang Y., Liu G.X. In silico prediction of human renal clearance of compounds using quantitative structure-pharmacokinetic relationship models.
[168] Ten Major Future Challenges in Single-Cell Metabolomics — Single-cell analysis field is at the very early stage at this moment, and all the work done so far are proof-of-principle work by early-stage researchers. ... Ten Major Future Challenges in Single-Cell Metabolomics Methods Mol Biol. 2020:2064:219-223. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9831-9_16. Author Bindesh ... Metabolic Flux Analysis / methods
[169] Recent advancements in single-cell metabolic analysis for ... — Recent advancements in single-cell metabolic analysis for pharmacological research - ScienceDirect Recent advancements in single-cell metabolic analysis for pharmacological research Single-cell metabolic analysis for pharmacological research is reviewed. Single-cell metabolic analysis aids in studying drug pathways, new therapeutic targets, and disease models. Pharmacological research is being advanced by single-cell metabolic analysis, which offers a technique to identify variations in RNA, proteins, metabolites, and drug molecules in cells. In this review, the recent advancement of single-cell metabolic analysis techniques and their applications in drug metabolism and drug response are summarized. They are used in tandem with variety of detection techniques, including optical imaging, Raman spectroscopy, electrochemical detection, RNA sequencing, and mass spectrometry, to evaluate single-cell metabolic changes in response to drug administration.
[170] A Metabolomics Approach to Pharmacotherapy Personalization — Metabolic profile analysis (determination of the level of individual metabolites or groups of metabolites, as well as their combination or ratio) allows clinicians to predict the effectiveness of a drug therapy and may help clinicians to select the optimal dose and schedule of drug administration, even before use.
[172] Artificial intelligence in the management of metabolic disorders: a ... — This review explores the significant role of artificial intelligence (AI) in managing metabolic disorders like diabetes, obesity, metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD), and thyroid dysfunction. Chaki J, Thillai Ganesh S, Cidham SK, Ananda Theertan S (2022) Machine learning and artificial intelligence based Diabetes Mellitus detection and self-management: a systematic review. Aversano L, Bernardi ML, Cimitile M et al (2023) A systematic review on artificial intelligence techniques for detecting thyroid diseases. Landry MD, van Wijchen J, Hellinckx P, et al (2022) Artificial Intelligence and Data-Driven Rehabilitation: The Next Frontier in the Management of Cardiometabolic Disorders. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.metabol.2018.10.007 Huang Y, Zhu M, Wang Z et al The global research of artificial intelligence on metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease: a bibliometric analysis.
[180] Emerging Biomarkers in Metabolomics: Advancements in Precision ... - MDPI — This review will outline recent advances in biomarker discovery based on metabolomics, focusing on metabolomics biomarkers reported in cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, cardiovascular diseases, and metabolic health. Keywords: biomarkers; metabolomics; cancer; neurodegenerative; diabetes; gut-microbiota; precision health; disease diagnosis; personalized medicine With advancements in technology and analysis capabilities for metabolomics, it is increasingly possible to identify disease biomarkers even for diseases as complex as cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, cardiovascular diseases, and metabolic syndrome. Yu, E.; Rimm, E.; Qi, L.; Rexrode, K.; Albert, C.M.; Sun, Q.; Willett, W.C.; Hu, F.B.; Manson, J.E. Diet, lifestyle, biomarkers, genetic factors, and risk of cardiovascular disease in the nurses’ health studies. "Emerging Biomarkers in Metabolomics: Advancements in Precision Health and Disease Diagnosis" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, no.
[181] Novel Applications of Metabolomics in Personalized Medicine: A Mini ... — Metabolomics has been increasingly applied in evaluating the therapeutic outcomes of clinical drugs by correlating the baseline metabolic profiles of patients with their responses, i.e., pharmacometabonomics, as well as prediction of disease susceptibility among population in advance, i.e., patient stratification. In one of our recent publications , we performed a UPLC/Q-TOFMS-based targeted metabolomic analysis on 40 FFAs in the blood of four different groups of subjects with different metabolic statuses, i.e., normal weight (NW), overweight/obese metabolically healthy (HO) and overweight/obese diabetic (UO), to address the questions: (1) whether the FFA profiles are different among the three groups; (2) whether there are specific FFAs that are predictive for the development of UO from HO over a ten-year observation period; (3) whether specific FFAs are related to changes in metabolic markers in response to therapeutic intervention.
[182] Unveiling the future of metabolic medicine: omics technologies driving ... — Unveiling the future of metabolic medicine: omics technologies driving personalized solutions for precision treatment of metabolic disorders - ScienceDirect Unveiling the future of metabolic medicine: omics technologies driving personalized solutions for precision treatment of metabolic disorders By analyzing a patient's metabolomic, proteomic, genetic profile, and clinical data, physicians can identify relevant diagnostic, and predictive biomarkers and develop treatment plans and therapy for acute and chronic metabolic diseases. This review article aims to explore the potential of personalized medicine utilizing omics approaches for the treatment of metabolic disorders. Personalized medicine is a promising strategy for treating metabolic disorders, and omics technologies, including genomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and other related fields, are crucial in its development (Table 1).
[183] Revolutionizing Personalized Medicine: Synergy with Multi-Omics Data ... — The history of personalized medicine is punctuated by significant milestones in genetics, technology, and clinical applications, shifting healthcare from a one-size-fits-all approach to a more individualized understanding of the molecular basis of health and disease and effective treatment strategies . Advances in genomics and biotechnology in the 21st century are enabling more personalized approaches to medicine, predicting disease risks, and tailoring treatments to individual genetic profiles. Personalized medicine leverages these images in conjunction with genetic data to gain deeper insights into disease mechanisms in individual patients, enhancing precision in diagnosis and treatment strategies . Through the integration of genetic, molecular, and clinical data, personalized medicine enables more accurate diagnosis, precise treatment targeting, and effective disease management.
[187] The Evolution of Single-Cell Analysis and Utility in Drug Development — The increased importance of cellular biomarkers in the drug development process is coinciding with game-changing advances in high-parameter, single-cell analysis technologies and data reduction tools. Their implementation is expected to have a positive impact on the drug development process and cellular biomarker strategies.
[188] Single-cell Analysis Technologies for Immuno-oncology Research: from ... — By parsing out the role of cellular heterogeneity, profiling molecular networks and interactions, and establishing the whole‐cell models, single-cell technologies have the potential to deliver new insights into the identification and validation of disease-specific or therapy-specific biomarkers, enabling the prediction of response and
[189] Applications of single-cell RNA sequencing in drug discovery and ... — In clinical development, scRNA-seq can inform decision-making via improved biomarker identification for patient stratification and more precise monitoring of drug response and disease progression. Here, we illustrate how scRNA-seq methods are being applied in key steps in drug discovery and development, and discuss ongoing challenges for their
[204] Metabolism - Definition and Examples - Biology Online — When asked what are the 3 types of metabolism in the human body. We can explain endomorph, ectomorph, and mesomorph. Endomorphs have the slow metabolism amongst all while ectomorphs have the most active and the fastest metabolism. Mesomorphs have the perfect metabolism, which is a balanced one between endomorph (low metabolism) and ectomorph
[208] Understanding Metabolism: Definition, Function, and Consequences — From converting food into energy to repairing tissues and regulating weight, metabolism plays a pivotal role in overall health. But what exactly is metabolism, and why is it so essential? ... In conclusion, understanding metabolism—its definition, function, and consequences—is essential for optimizing overall health. A healthy metabolism
[209] Metabolism: What is it, and how does it affect our bodies? — Metabolism is a vital process in our body that creates and spends energy, runs cellular processes and eliminates wastes. Healthy lifestyle habits can help you improve your metabolism. ... The health consequences of smoking (cancer, high blood pressure, heart disease) far outweigh the health consequences of a few extra pounds. Watching what you
[210] Normal-weight central obesity and cardiometabolic disorders among ... — Cardiometabolic disorders play a critical role in the persistence of this gap, primarily due to their strong link with premature death . The higher prevalence of cardiometabolic disorders in Indigenous populations is influenced by a complex interplay of genetic, environmental and socioeconomic factors .
[211] Risk assessment of metabolic syndrome prevalence involving sedentary ... — The risk factors for MetS include ageing, a sedentary lifestyle, long working hours, physical inactivity, a Western diet, sleep duration greater than 7 hours 19 and high occupational stress. 20 Socioeconomic status (SES) and lifestyle are the possible risk factors for MetS. 21 22 Among these factors, prolonged sitting is notable because it
[212] Socio-economics status and metabolic syndrome: A meta-analysis — The metabolic syndrome (MetS) is responsible for an increased risk of type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases and is associated with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality.Economic and social vulnerability is not an easy concept to grasp, but some studies investigate the association between MetS and socioeconomic and demographic factors, deprivation (more often correlations rather than causal
[213] ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE AND DISPARITIES IN ACCESS - 2021 National ... — Contents Search term < PrevNext > ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE AND DISPARITIES IN ACCESS Access to healthcare means having “the timely use of personal health services to achieve the best health outcomes.”1 Access to comprehensive, quality healthcare services is important for promoting and maintaining health, preventing and managing disease, reducing unnecessary disability and premature death, and achieving health equity for all Americans.2 Attaining good access to care means having: Health insurance that facilitates entry into the healthcare system. Measures of access to care tracked in the National Healthcare Quality and Disparities Report (NHQDR) include having health insurance, having a usual source of care,ix encountering difficulties when seeking care, and receiving care as soon as wanted. Historically, Americans have experienced variable access to care based on race, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, age, sex, disability status, sexual orientation, gender identity, and residential location.3 This section of the NHQDR discusses trends in access over time and disparities in access related to the sociodemographic variables for which data were available. Indicators of increased insurance coverage include earlier detection of disease, better medication adherence and management of chronic conditions, and psychological well-being in knowing one can afford care when one gets sick.12 Healthcare access and insurance coverage are major factors that contribute to racial and ethnic disparities.
[222] Carbohydrates, Proteins, and Fats - Disorders of Nutrition - Merck ... — 4 calories in a gram of carbohydrate or protein . 9 calories in a gram of fat. These nutrients also differ in how quickly they supply energy. Carbohydrates are the quickest, and fats are the slowest. Carbohydrates, proteins, and fats are digested in the intestine, where they are broken down into their basic units: Carbohydrates into sugars
[224] Nutrition: Macronutrient Intake, Imbalances, and Interventions — Definition/Introduction Nutrition profoundly impacts health status across all stages of life, and unhealthy dietary habits represent one of the most important causes of disability and premature death. Macronutrient intake is one of the most important aspects of any diet because of its significant and direct influence on energy balance, body composition, and health outcomes. Nutrients are essential compounds required to sustain physiological processes and are classified into two broad categories: macronutrients and micronutrients. Macronutrients are compounds required in large amounts that play a critical role in energy provision, synthesis of structural molecules, hormone production, and regulation of metabolic pathways. The three macronutrients are proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids.
[225] Understanding the impact of macronutrients on metabolic health: A ... — These approaches suggest that the timing of macronutrient intake can influence circadian rhythms, insulin sensitivity, and fat metabolism. For instance, consuming carbohydrates earlier in the day may align better with the body's natural insulin response, potentially improving metabolic outcomes [ 9 ].
[226] Evidence for Resistance Training as a Treatment Therapy in Obesity — Over the last decade, investigators have paid increasing attention to the effects of resistance training (RT) on several metabolic syndrome variables. ... It has been shown that RT increases LBM, muscular strength, and resting metabolic rate, and mobilizes the visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue in the abdominal region. Further, RT lowers
[227] Effects of aerobic and/or resistance training on body mass and fat mass ... — Thus it remains to be determined whether a significant amount of RT will decrease fat mass in overweight and obese adults, whether AT or RT is more effective at fat mass reduction when exposure (time) is held constant, and whether a combination of aerobic and resistance training (AT/RT) provides additive improvements in body composition. The main findings of the study were the following: 1) A substantial amount of RT alone did not reduce body mass or fat mass; 2) recommended amounts of AT were significantly better than RT for reducing measures of body fat and body mass; and 3) the combination of aerobic and resistance training did not provide an additive effect for reducing fat mass or body mass compared with AT alone.
[230] Reducing metabolic syndrome through a community-based lifestyle ... — The current study provides evidence that a community-based Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP) helps to reduce the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in overweight or obese African American women without diabetes. This study also shows that minimally trained community peers (Health Coaches) can deliver the DPP intervention effectively.
[231] Community-based lifestyle intervention improves metabolic syndrome and ... — Evidence show lifestyle interventions improve clinical and metabolic outcomes in individuals with dysmetabolism [21-24] as well as contribute to the decline of MetS prevalence , BP and lipid levels . Effective model for MetS response would require community-based approach for cost effectiveness and sustainability.
[233] Effectiveness of a community‐based nurse‐led lifestyle‐modification ... — Interventions should include nutritional counselling and physical activity. This 24-week randomized trial evaluated the effects of a community-based nurse-led lifestyle-modification intervention in people with serious mental illness meeting metabolic syndrome criteria, and its impact on health-related quality of life and physical activity.
[248] Metabolites In Modern Medicine: Decoding The Future Of Health And ... — Advances in technology of metabolomics paves a way for its integration into the clinical practices. This promises a future where diseases can be prevented, diagnosed, and treated, leading to improved health and longevity. This review highlights the metabolome's significance as a tool for understanding cellular function and disease.
[250] Current and future perspectives of functional metabolomics in disease ... — In the future, through technical progressing of metabolomics and combination with cell biology, functional metabolomics will be used in more works and play more important roles in clarifying disease mechanisms.
[253] Current State and Future Perspectives on Personalized Metabolomics — To this end, the metabolomics-based health data collection in families and large cohorts studies (e.g., well characterized biosamples from big biobanks) with electronic medical records for the integration of the biological information with the clinical data, can provide a basis for the personalized analysis. 28.Broadhurst D., Goodacre R., Reinke S.N., Kuligowski J., Wilson I.D., Lewis M.R., Dunn W.B. Guidelines and considerations for the use of system suitability and quality control samples in mass spectrometry assays applied in untargeted clinical metabolomic studies. 51.Collins S.L., Koo I., Peters J.M., Smith P.B., Patterson A.D. Current Challenges and Recent Developments in Mass Spectrometry-Based Metabolomics. 101.Lokhov P.G., Trifonova O.P., Maslov D.L., Lichtenberg S., Balashova E.E. Diagnosis of Parkinson’s Disease by A Metabolomics-Based Laboratory-Developed Test (LDT) Diagnostics.
[254] Translating metabolomics into clinical practice - Nature — Translating metabolomics into clinical practice However, metabolomics methods need to be validated in clinical research to enable rapid translation of research results into clinical tests. Receive 12 digital issues and online access to articles Urine-NMR metabolomics for screening of advanced colorectal adenoma and early stage colorectal cancer. Metabolomics approach for predicting response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy for colorectal cancer. Metabolomics 14, 1–9 (2018). Article Article Article Article Article E. Diagnosis of Parkinson’s disease by a metabolomics-based laboratory-developed test (LDT). Article Article L. et al. Article Article Download references You can also search for this author in Corresponding author About this article Kirwan, J.A. Translating metabolomics into clinical practice. Share this article Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative
[255] Challenges in Metabolomics-Based Tests, Biomarkers Revealed by ... — Challenges in Metabolomics-Based Tests, Biomarkers Revealed by Metabolomic Analysis, and the Promise of the Application of Metabolomics in Precision Medicine - PubMed Challenges in Metabolomics-Based Tests, Biomarkers Revealed by Metabolomic Analysis, and the Promise of the Application of Metabolomics in Precision Medicine Challenges in Metabolomics-Based Tests, Biomarkers Revealed by Metabolomic Analysis, and the Promise of the Application of Metabolomics in Precision Medicine Large, prospective, expensive and time-consuming studies are now mandatory to validate old, and discover new, metabolomics-based biomarkers with high chances of translation into precision medicine. doi: 10.1007/s11306-016-1094-6. doi: 10.1088/1478-3975/5/1/011001. - DOI - PMC - PubMed Wishart D.S. Emerging applications of metabolomics in drug discovery and precision medicine. - DOI - PMC - PubMed - DOI - PMC - PubMed
[259] Metabolomics and Personalized Medicine - ScienceDirect — Several researchers groups have subsequently shifted their focus to the development of personalized medicine, which uses the molecular information of an individual, as dictated by his or her genome, transcriptome, proteome, and metabolome (Redekop & Mladsi, 2013) to develop patient-specific diagnostics and drugs. The application of this knowledge to the development and implementation of personalized medicine is currently a hot topic among clinical researchers, and as described above, metabolomics has Here, we discuss how novel treatment individualization biomarkers can be identified using a clinical metabolomics-based approach, and how concepts inspired from the field of PK-PD modeling can be integrated in this process in order to increase the clinical relevance of identified biomarkers and precision medicine.
[260] Metabolomics toward personalized medicine - Jacob - 2019 - Mass ... — Metabolomics, which is the metabolites profiling in biological matrices, is a key tool for biomarker discovery and personalized medicine and has great potential to elucidate the ultimate product of the genomic processes.
[262] Metabolomics bridging proteomics along metabolites/oncometabolites and ... — Metabolomics bridging proteomics along metabolites/oncometabolites and protein modifications: Paving the way toward integrative multiomics - ScienceDirect Systems biology adopted functional and integrative multiomics approaches enable to discover the whole set of interacting regulatory components such as genes, transcripts, proteins, metabolites, and metabolite dependent protein modifications. Proteomics, metabolomics, interactomics and systems biology, appreciating their emerging roles in the discovery and validation of potential biomarkers, are important components of phenome which is the direct link to personalized medicine. The precisely orchestrated core pattern of metabolic networks that ‘metabolites regulate PTMs, PTMs regulate enzymes, and enzymes modulate metabolites’ through a multitude of feedback and feed-forward pathway loops represents a flawless cellular homeostasis throughout the biological systems.