Activated carbon synthesised from lignocellulosic cocoa pod husk <i>via</i> alkaline and acid treatment for methylene blue adsorption: optimisation by response surface methodology, kinetics, and isotherm modelling

Abstract

for ANCSH5 under practical conditions. Unlike conventional biomass carbons, the hemicellulose-rich CPH precursor promoted extensive delignification, partially graphitised domains, and tailored surface chemistry, providing a distinctive adsorption mechanism. These features underscore CPH valorisation as a sustainable route to high-performance, low-cost adsorbents for dye remediation in cocoa-producing regions.