Propolis nanoemulsion extract from celebes stingless bee (Tetragonula biroi) phytochemistry and antibacterial analysis to periodontopathogen bacteria

Abstract

Background: ) contains antioxidants, more flavonoids than propolis from Apis bees, and the antibacterial ability. Objective: (Pi). This investigation also examines PNE's phytochemistry, particle size analysis (PSA), and zeta potential. Methods: ), which was then subjected to zeta potential measurement and PSA. Phytochemical analysis was used to identify phytochemical constituents in the PNE (T. biroi). Diffusion zone, minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) were used to assess antibacterial efficacy against Aa, Pg, Pi, and Fn. Furthermore, the statistical analysis was used to extract the data. Results: ) concentration, the MIC, MBC, and diffusion zone analysis performed better than at 0.76 %, with a significant difference (p:0.01; p < 0.05) to Aa, Pg, Pi, and Fn. Conclusions: ) at a concentration of 1.56 %.