Assembly of Genetically Engineered Ionizable Protein Nanocage-based Nanozymes for Intracellular Superoxide Scavenging

Abstract

Nanozymes play a pivotal role in mitigating excessive oxidative stress, however, determining their specific enzyme-mimicking activities for intracellular free radical scavenging is challenging due to endo-lysosomal entrapment. In this study, we employ a genetic engineering strategy to generate ionizable ferritin nanocages (iFTn), enabling their escape from endo-lysosomes and entry into the cytoplasm. Specifically, ionizable repeated Histidine-Histidine-Glutamic acid (9H2E) sequences are genetically incorporated into the outer surface of human heavy chain FTn, followed by the assembly of various chain-like nanostructures via a two-armed polyethylene glycol (PEG). Utilizing endosome-escaping ability, we design iFTn-based tetrameric cascade nanozymes with high superoxide dismutase- and catalase-mimicking activities. The in vivo protective effects of these ionizable cascade nanozymes against cardiac oxidative injury are demonstrated in female mouse models of cardiac ischemia-reperfusion (IR). RNA-sequencing analysis highlight the crucial role of these nanozymes in modulating superoxide anions-, hydrogen peroxide- and mitochondrial functions-relevant genes in IR injured cardiac tissue. These genetically engineered ionizable protein nanocarriers provide opportunities for developing ionizable drug delivery systems. Nanozymes are promising for treating various diseases by regulating cytotoxic free radicals, but their specific enzyme-mimicking activities for mediating intracellular free radicals have been limited by endolysosomal entrapment, Here, the authors report a genetic engineering strategy to create ionizable ferritin nanocage-based nanozymes able to escape from endolysosomes and enter the cytoplasm.