Amino Acid Metabolism-Regulated Nanomedicine for Enhanced Tumor Immunotherapy through Synergistic Regulation of Immune Microenvironment

Abstract

The reprogramming of tumor metabolism presents a substantial challenge for effective immunotherapy, playing a crucial role in developing an immunosuppressive microenvironment. In particular, the degradation of the amino acid L-tryptophan (Trp) to kynurenine (Kyn) by indoleamine-pyrrole 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) is one of the most clinically validated pathways for immune suppression. Thus, regulating the Trp/Kyn metabolism by IDO1 inhibition represents a promising strategy for enhancing immunotherapy. Herein, metabolism-regulated nanoparticles are prepared through metal coordination-driven assembly of an IDO1 inhibitor (NLG919) and a stimulator of interferon genes (STING) agonist (MSA-2) for enhanced immunotherapy. After intravenous administration, the assembled nanoparticles could efficiently accumulate in tumors, enhancing the bioavailability of NLG919 and down-regulating the metabolism of Trp to Kyn to remodel the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. Meanwhile, the released MSA-2 evoked potent STING pathway activation in tumors, triggering an effective immune response. The antitumor immunity induced by nanoparticles significantly inhibited the development of primary and metastatic tumors, as well as B16 melanoma. Overall, this study provided a novel paradigm for enhancing tumor immunotherapy through synergistic amino acid metabolism and STING pathway activation.