Characterization of two <scp>CYP80</scp> enzymes provides insights into aporphine alkaloid skeleton formation in <i>Aristolochia contorta</i>

Abstract

Aporphine alkaloids are a large group of natural compounds with extensive pharmaceutical application prospects. The biosynthesis of aporphine alkaloids has been paid attentions in the past decades. Here, we determined the contents of four 1-benzylisoquinoline alkaloids and five aporphine alkaloids in root, stem, leaf, and flower of Aristolochia contorta Bunge, which belongs to magnoliids. Two CYP80 enzymes were identified and characterized from A. contorta. Both of them catalyze the unusual C-C phenol coupling reactions and directly form the aporphine alkaloid skeleton. AcCYP80G7 catalyzed the formation of hexacyclic aporphine corytuberine. AcCYP80Q8 catalyzed the formation of pentacyclic proaporphine glaziovine. Kingdom-wide phylogenetic analysis of the CYP80 family suggested that CYP80 first appeared in Nymphaeales. The functional divergence of hydroxylation and C-C (or C-O) phenol coupling preceded the divergence of magnoliids and eudicots. Probable crucial residues of AcCYP80Q8 were selected through sequence alignment and molecular docking. Site-directed mutagenesis revealed two crucial residues E284 and Y106 for the catalytic reaction. Identification and characterization of two aporphine skeleton-forming enzymes provide insights into the biosynthesis of aporphine alkaloids.