Engineering an Antifouling Electrochemical Sensing Platform Based on an All-in-One Peptide and a Hierarchical β-Bi₂O₃–Au Microsphere for Vancomycin Detection in Food

Abstract

Challenges associated with interference aroused by nonspecific attachment of foulants in the food matrix steered the development of sensor surfaces capable of antifouling capacity. In this study, an antifouling electrochemical sensing platform based on an all-in-one peptide (DOPA 3 -PPPPEKDQDKKaa) with anchoring, antifouling, and recognition functions and a hierarchical β-Bi 2 O 3 –Au microsphere was proposed for vancomycin (Van) detection in food. The β-Bi 2 O 3 –Au with excellent conductivity was synthesized and introduced as an electrode modifier to accelerate electron transfer on the sensor surface, enhancing sensing response. Mussel organism-inspired oligo DOPA, that is, oligo 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine, was employed as the anchoring segment of the all-in-one peptide, which is versatile for surfaces with different materials. PPPPEKDQDK and Kaa as antifouling and recognition segments confer abilities to resist nonspecific adsorption of foulants and specifically bind Van on the sensor surface, respectively. Notably, the excellent antifouling performance of the proposed sensor has been verified in protein solutions, carbohydrate solutions, and even in diluted milk and honey. Molecular dynamics simulation was carried out to explain the antifouling mechanism of the all-in-one peptide. The proposed sensor can detect Van sensitively and selectively with a relatively wide linear range (0.1–100 ng mL –1 ) and a limit of detection (LOD) as low as 0.038 ng mL –1 and support the quantification of Van in milk, milk powder, and honey samples with satisfactory recoveries within 105.3–110.8%. This antifouling electrochemical sensing platform offers a feasible strategy to reduce matrix interference, which guarantees the accurate detection of Van in food samples.