Multifunctional Regulation of SnO₂ Nanocrystals by Snail Mucus for Preparation of Rigid or Flexible Perovskite Solar Cells in Air

Abstract

Tin oxide (SnO 2 ) is widely used as an inorganic electron transport layer (ETL) for rigid and flexible perovskite solar cells (PSCs). In this work, an extract of snail shell, the sodium salt of polyaspartic acid (S-PASP), a water-soluble polypeptide polymer, has been used to multifunctionally regulate SnO 2 nanograins. S-PASP has a strong chelating and dispersing effect; thus, chemically adsorbed SnO 2 can inhibit agglomeration. The S-PASP:SnO 2 ETL also improved the extraction and transferability of carriers, reducing body defects and interfacial charge. Moreover, the S-PASP:SnO 2 ETL promotes the vertical growth of the perovskite crystals due to its bottom-up morphology, wettability, and strain release, which is conducive to improving the photoelectric performance of the device. The optimized rigid device prepared under open-air conditions obtained a PCE of 20.92%. In addition, due to the stress compensation of the S-PASP long chain, which prevented the cracking and displacement of the ETL, the optimal PCE of the flexible device was 17.96%, and the initial efficiency was maintained at 82.8% after 100 bends. This work introduces a molecular doping mechanism for organic–inorganic hybrid electronics.