Discovery of potent Plasmodium falciparum protein kinase 6 (PfPK6) inhibitors with a type II inhibitor pharmacophore

Abstract

Malaria is a devastating disease that causes significant global morbidity and mortality. The rise of drug resistance against artemisinin-based combination therapy demonstrates the necessity to develop alternative antimalarials with novel mechanisms of action. We report the discovery of Ki8751 as an inhibitor of essential kinase PfPK6. 79 derivatives were designed, synthesized and evaluated for PfPK6 inhibition and antiplasmodial activity. Using group efficiency analyses, we established the importance of key groups on the scaffold consistent with a type II inhibitor pharmacophore. We highlight modifications on the tail group that contribute to antiplasmodial activity, cumulating in the discovery of compound 67, a PfPK6 inhibitor (IC50 = 13 nM) active against the P. falciparum blood stage (EC50 = 160 nM), and compound 79, a PfPK6 inhibitor (IC50 < 5 nM) with dual-stage antiplasmodial activity against P. falciparum blood stage (EC50 = 39 nM) and against P. berghei liver stage (EC50 = 220 nM).