A Trust Scale for Human-Robot Interaction: Translation, Adaptation, and Validation of a Human Computer Trust Scale

Abstract

Recently there has been an increasing demand for technologies (automated and intelligent machines) that brings benefits to organizations and society. Similar to the widespread use of personal computers in the past, today’s needs are towards facilitating human-machine technology appropriation, especially in highly risky and regulated industries like robotics, manufacturing, automation, military, finance, or healthcare. In this context, trust can be used as a critical element to instruct how human-machine interaction should occur. Considering the context-dependency and multidimensional trust, this study seeks to find a way to measure the effects of perceived trust in a collaborative robot (cobot), regardless of its literal credibility as a real person. This article aims at translating, adapting, and validating a Human-Computer Trust Scale (HCTM) in human-robot interaction (HRI) context and its application to cobots. The Human-Robot Interaction Trust Scale (HRITS) involved 239 participants and included eleven items. The 2nd order CFA with a general factor called “trust” have proven to be empirically robust ( <a:math xmlns:a="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M1"> <a:mtext>CFI</a:mtext> <a:mo>=</a:mo> <a:mn>.94</a:mn> </a:math> ; <c:math xmlns:c="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M2"> <c:mtext>TLI</c:mtext> <c:mo>=</c:mo> <c:mn>.93</c:mn> </c:math> ; <e:math xmlns:e="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M3"> <e:mtext>SRMR</e:mtext> <e:mo>=</e:mo> <e:mn>.04</e:mn> </e:math> ; and <g:math xmlns:g="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M4"> <g:mtext>RMSEA</g:mtext> <g:mo>=</g:mo> <g:mn>.05</g:mn> </g:math> ) [ <i:math xmlns:i="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M5"> <i:mtext>CR</i:mtext> <i:mo>=</i:mo> <i:mn>.84</i:mn> </i:math> ; <k:math xmlns:k="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M6"> <k:mtext>AVE</k:mtext> <k:mo>=</k:mo> <k:mn>.58</k:mn> </k:math> , and <m:math xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M7"> <m:mtext>MaxR</m:mtext> <m:mfenced open="(" close=")"> <m:mrow> <m:mtext>H</m:mtext> </m:mrow> </m:mfenced> <m:mo>=</m:mo> <m:mn>.92</m:mn> </m:math> ]; results indicated a good measurement of the general factor trust, and the model satisfied the criteria for measure trust. An analysis of the differences in perceptions of trust by gender was conducted using a <q:math xmlns:q="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M8"> <q:mi>t</q:mi> </q:math> -test. This analysis showed that statistical differences by gender exist ( <s:math xmlns:s="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M9"> <s:mi>p</s:mi> <s:mo>=</s:mo> <s:mn>.04</s:mn> </s:math> ). This study’s results allowed for a better understanding of trust in HRI, specifically regarding cobots. The validation of a Portuguese scale for trust assessment in HRI can give a valuable contribution to designing collaborative environments between humans and robots.