TiO₂nanoparticles abrogate the protective effect of the Crohn’s disease-associated variation within the PTPN22 gene locus

Abstract

Our findings indicate that the consumption of TiO₂ nanoparticles might have adverse effects on the gastrointestinal health of individuals carrying the PTPN22 variant. This demonstrates that environmental factors interact with genetic risk variants and can reverse a protective mechanism into a disease-promoting effect.