Solar-Driven Generation of Hydrogen Peroxide on Phenol–Resorcinol–Formaldehyde Resin Photocatalysts

Abstract

Photocatalytic generation of H₂O₂ from water and O₂ under sunlight is a promising artificial photosynthesis reaction to generate renewable fuel. We previously found that resorcinol-formaldehyde resin powders prepared with a high-temperature hydrothermal method become semiconductors comprising π-conjugated/π-stacked benzenoid-quinoid donor-acceptor resorcinol units and are active for photocatalytic H₂O₂ generation. Here, we have prepared phenol-resorcinol-formaldehyde resins with small amounts of phenol (∼5 mol % relative to resorcinol), which show enhanced photocatalytic activity. Incorporating phenol bearing a single -OH group in the resin matrices relaxes the restriction on the arrangement of the aromatic rings originating from the H-bonding interactions between the resorcinol -OH groups. This creates stronger donor-acceptor π-stacking and increases the electron conductivity of the resins. We have demonstrated that simulated sunlight illumination of the resins in water under an atmospheric pressure of O₂ stably generated H₂O₂ with more than 0.9% solar-to-chemical conversion efficiency.