Lycojapomines A–E: <i>Lycopodium</i> Alkaloids with Anti-Renal Fibrosis Potential from <i>Lycopodium japonicum</i>

Abstract

Five Lycopodium alkaloids featuring novel C 17 N 2 ( 1 and 2 ), C 29 N 3 ( 3 and 4 ), and C 15 N 2 ( 5 ) skeletons were isolated from Lycopodium japonicum . Compound 1 is the first natural product containing a 3-aza[3.3.3]propellane motif. The structures of these compounds were elucidated by spectroscopic analysis, X-ray crystallography, and computational methods. Compounds 1 and 3–5 significantly inhibited TGF-β 1 -induced fibronectin deposition in HK-2 cells at a nontoxic concentration of 20 μM.