Based on Network Pharmacology and Molecular Dynamics Simulations, Baicalein, an Active Ingredient of Yiqi Qingre Ziyin Method, Potentially Protects Patients With Atrophic Rhinitis From Cognitive Impairment

Abstract

Cognition may be improved by the active ingredients of the Yiqi Qingre Ziyin method in patients with atrophic rhinitis (AR). This study aimed to identify potential targets of the Yiqi Qingre Ziyin method for the treatment of patients with cognitive impairment. Nasal mucosal tissue samples from patients with AR were subjected to proteomic assays, and differentially expressed proteins were obtained. To explore the mechanism of AR leading to mild cognitive impairment (MCI), a differential analysis of AR related differential proteins in the MCI related GSE140831 dataset was performed. Most AR-related differential proteins are also differentially expressed in peripheral blood tissues of MCI, have similar biological functions and are enriched in similar pathways. These co-expressed differential factors in AR and MCI are known as common differential proteins of AR and MCI (CDPAM). Based on the analysis and validation of the random forest, support vector machine and neural network models, CDPAM acted as a diagnostic marker for MCI risk. Cytochrome C (CYCS) was significantly upregulated in the peripheral blood of patients with MCI. The active ingredients in the Yiqi Qingre Ziqin method were obtained and targeted 137 proteins. Among these targeted proteins, CYCS belong to the CDPAM set. Molecular docking and molecular dynamics analysis revealed that baicalein, an active ingredient in the Yiqi Qingre Ziyin method, stably targeted the CYCS protein. Results of the enrichment analysis revealed that the up-regulation of CYCS expression may have a defensive effect on the cells to resist foreign stimuli. Therefore, baicalein, an active ingredient in the Yiqi Qingre Ziyin method, may prevent the development and progression of MCI by targeting the CYCS protein.