Short tandem repeats bind transcription factors to tune eukaryotic gene expression

Abstract

Abstract Short tandem repeats (STRs) are enriched in eukaryotic cis -regulatory elements and their polymorphisms alter gene expression, yet how they regulate transcription remains unknown. We find that STRs can modulate transcription factor (TF)-DNA affinities and on rates by up to 70-fold by directly binding TF DNA-binding domains, with energetic impacts approaching or exceeding mutations to consensus sites. STRs maximize the number of weakly preferred microstates near target sites, thereby increasing TF density near motifs to speed target search. Confirming that STRs also impact TF binding in cells, neural networks trained only on in vivo occupancies predict identical effects to those observed in vitro . Approximately 90% of TFs preferentially bind STRs that need not resemble known motifs, providing a novel cis -regulatory mechanism to target TFs to cognate sites.