Synthesis, Anticancer Assessment, and Molecular Docking of Novel Chalcone‐Thienopyrimidine Derivatives in HepG2 and MCF‐7 Cell Lines

Abstract

Heterocycles containing thienopyrimidine moieties have attracted attention due to their interesting biological and pharmacological activities. In this research article, we reported the synthesis of a series of new hybrid molecules through merging the structural features of chalcones and pyridothienopyrimidinones. Our results indicated that the synthesis of chalcone-thienopyrimidine derivatives from the corresponding thienopyrimidine and chalcones proceeded in a relatively short reaction time with good yields and high purity. Most of these novel compounds exhibited moderate to robust cytotoxicity against HepG2 and MCF-7 cancer cells similar to that of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). The results indicated that IC₅₀ of the two compounds (<b>3b</b> and <b>3g</b>) showed more potent anticancer activities against HepG2 and MCF-7 than 5-FU. An MTT assay and flow cytometry showed that only <b>3b</b> and <b>3g</b> had anticancer activity and antiproliferative activities at the G1 phase against MCF-7 cells, while six compounds (<b>3a</b>-<b>e</b> and <b>3g</b>) had cytotoxicity and cell cycle arrest at different phases against HepG2 cells. Their cytotoxicity was achieved through downregulation of Bcl-2 and upregulation of Bax, caspase-3, and caspase-9. Although all tested compounds increased oxidative stress <i>via</i> increment of MDA levels and decrement of glutathione reductase (GR) activities compared to control, the <b>3a</b>, <b>3b</b>, and <b>3g</b> in HepG2 and <b>3b</b> and <b>3g</b> in MCF-7 achieved the target results. Moreover, there was a positive correlation between cytotoxic efficacy of the compound and apoptosis in both HepG2 (<i>R</i> ² = 0.531; <i>P</i> = 0.001) and MCF-7 (<i>R</i> ² = 0.219; <i>P</i> = 0.349) cell lines. The results of molecular docking analysis of <b>3a-g</b> into the binding groove of Bcl-2 revealed relatively moderate binding free energies compared to the selective Bcl-2 inhibitor, DRO. Like venetoclax, compounds <b>3a-g</b> showed 2 violations from Lipinski's rule. However, the results of the ADME study also revealed higher drug-likeness scores for compounds <b>3a-g</b> than for venetoclax. In conclusion, the tested newly synthesized chalcone-pyridothienopyrimidinone derivatives showed promising antiproliferative and apoptotic effects. Mechanistically, the compounds increased ROS production with concomitant cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Therefore, regulation of the cell cycle and apoptosis are possible targets for anticancer therapy. The tested compounds could be potent anticancer agents to be tested in future clinical trials after extensive pharmacodynamic, pharmacokinetic, and toxicity profile investigations.