Finding picture edges through collinearity of feature points

Abstract

The cell cycle plays a key and complex role in the development of human cancers. p21 is a potent cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor (CDKI) involved in the promotion of cell cycle arrest and the regulation of cellular senescence. Altered p21 expression in rectal cancer cells may affect tumor cells' behavior and resistance to neoadjuvant and adjuvant therapy. Our study aimed to ascertain the relationship between the differential expression of p21 in rectal cancer and patient survival outcomes. Using tissue microarrays, 266 rectal cancer specimens were immunohistochemically stained for p21. The expression patterns were scored separately in cancer cells retrieved from the center and the periphery of the tumor; compared with clinicopathological data, tumor regression grade (TRG), disease-free, and overall survival. Negative p21 expression in tumor periphery cells was significantly associated with longer overall survival upon the univariate (<i>p</i> = 0.001) and multivariable analysis (<i>p</i> = 0.003, HR = 2.068). Negative p21 expression in tumor periphery cells was also associated with longer disease-free survival in the multivariable analysis (<i>p</i> = 0.040, HR = 1.769). Longer overall survival times also correlated with lower tumor grades (<i>p</i>= 0.011), the absence of vascular and perineural invasion (<i>p</i> = 0.001; <i>p</i> < 0.005), the absence of metastases (<i>p</i> < 0.005), and adjuvant treatment (<i>p</i> = 0.009). p21 expression is a potential predictive and prognostic biomarker for clinical outcomes in rectal cancer patients. Negative p21 expression in tumor periphery cells demonstrated significant association with longer overall survival and disease-free survival. Larger prospective studies are warranted to investigate the ability of p21 to identify rectal cancer patients who will benefit from neoadjuvant and adjuvant therapy.