The missing enzymatic link in syntrophic methane formation from fatty acids

Abstract

The microbial production of methane from organic matter is an essential process in the global carbon cycle and an important source of renewable energy. It involves the syntrophic interaction between methanogenic archaea and bacteria that convert primary fermentation products such as fatty acids to the methanogenic substrates acetate, H₂, CO₂, or formate. While the concept of syntrophic methane formation was developed half a century ago, the highly endergonic reduction of CO₂ to methane by electrons derived from β-oxidation of saturated fatty acids has remained hypothetical. Here, we studied a previously noncharacterized membrane-bound oxidoreductase (EMO) from <i>Syntrophus aciditrophicus</i> containing two heme <i>b</i> cofactors and 8-methylmenaquinone as key redox components of the redox loop-driven reduction of CO₂ by acyl-coenzyme A (CoA). Using solubilized EMO and proteoliposomes, we reconstituted the entire electron transfer chain from acyl-CoA to CO₂ and identified the transfer from a high- to a low-potential heme <i>b</i> with perfectly adjusted midpoint potentials as key steps in syntrophic fatty acid oxidation. The results close our gap of knowledge in the conversion of biomass into methane and identify EMOs as key players of β-oxidation in (methyl)menaquinone-containing organisms.