Bioactive Molecules for Discriminating Robinia and Helianthus Honey: High-Performance Liquid Chromatography–Electron Spray Ionization–Mass Spectrometry Polyphenolic Profile and Physicochemical Determinations

Abstract

Bioactive molecules from the class of polyphenols are secondary metabolites from plants. They are present in honey from nectar and pollen of flowers from where honeybees collect the "raw material" to produce honey. <i>Robinia pseudoacacia</i> and <i>Helianthus annuus</i> are important sources of nectar for production of two monofloral honeys with specific characteristics and important biological activity. A high-performance liquid chromatography-electro spray ionization-mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS) separation method was used to determine polyphenolic profile from the two types of Romanian unifloral honeys. <i>Robinia</i> and <i>Helianthus</i> honey showed a common flavonoid profile, where pinobanksin (1.61 and 1.94 mg/kg), pinocembrin (0.97 and 1.78 mg/kg) and chrysin (0.96 and 1.08 mg/kg) were identified in both honey types; a characteristic flavonoid profile in which acacetin (1.20 mg/kg), specific only for <i>Robinia</i> honey, was shown; and quercetin (1.85 mg/kg), luteolin (21.03 mg/kg), kaempferol (0.96 mg/kg) and galangin (1.89 mg/kg), specific for <i>Helianthus</i> honey, were shown. In addition, different phenolic acids were found in <i>Robinia</i> and <i>Helianthus</i> honey, while abscisic acid was found only in <i>Robinia</i> honey. Abscisic acid was correlated with geographical location; the samples collected from the south part of Romania had higher amounts, due to climatic conditions. Acacetin was proposed as a biochemical marker for Romanian <i>Robinia</i> honey and quercetin for <i>Helianthus</i> honey.