Association of Microbial Dysbiosis with Gallbladder Diseases Identified by Bile Microbiome Profiling

Abstract

We investigated the bile microbiome in normal, chronic cholecystitis, and gallbladder cancer. We suggest possible roles of Enterobacteriaceae, including <i>Klebsiella</i>, in gallbladder carcinogenesis. Our findings reveal a possible link between a dysbiotic bile microbiome and the development of chronic calculous cholecystitis and gallbladder cancer.