Nanotoxicity of 2D Molybdenum Disulfide, MoS2, Nanosheets on Beneficial Soil Bacteria, Bacillus cereus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Abstract

Concerns arising from accidental and occasional releases of novel industrial nanomaterials to the environment and waterbodies are rapidly increasing as the production and utilization levels of nanomaterials increase every day. In particular, two-dimensional nanosheets are one of the most significant emerging classes of nanomaterials used or considered for use in numerous applications and devices. This study deals with the interactions between 2D molybdenum disulfide (MoS₂) nanosheets and beneficial soil bacteria. It was found that the log-reduction in the survival of Gram-positive <i>Bacillus cereus</i> was 2.8 (99.83%) and 4.9 (99.9988%) upon exposure to 16.0 mg/mL bulk MoS₂ (macroscale) and 2D MoS₂ nanosheets (nanoscale), respectively. For the case of Gram-negative <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i>, the log-reduction values in bacterial survival were 1.9 (98.60%) and 5.4 (99.9996%) for the same concentration of bulk MoS₂ and MoS₂ nanosheets, respectively. Based on these findings, it is important to consider the potential toxicity of MoS₂ nanosheets on beneficial soil bacteria responsible for nitrate reduction and nitrogen fixation, soil formation, decomposition of dead and decayed natural materials, and transformation of toxic compounds into nontoxic compounds to adequately assess the environmental impact of 2D nanosheets and nanomaterials.