Quantitative Yeast–Yeast Two Hybrid for the Discovery and Binding Affinity Estimation of Protein–Protein Interactions

Abstract

Quantifying the binding affinity of protein-protein interactions is important for elucidating connections within biochemical signaling pathways, as well as characterization of binding proteins isolated from combinatorial libraries. We describe a quantitative yeast-yeast two-hybrid (qYY2H) system that not only enables the discovery of specific protein-protein interactions but also efficient, quantitative estimation of their binding affinities (<i>K</i>_D). In qYY2H, the bait and prey proteins are expressed as yeast cell surface fusions using yeast surface display. We developed a semiempirical framework for estimating the <i>K</i>_D of monovalent bait-prey interactions, using measurements of bait-prey yeast-yeast binding, which is mediated by multivalent interactions between yeast-displayed bait and prey. Using qYY2H, we identified interaction partners of SMAD3 and the tandem WW domains of YAP from a cDNA library and characterized their binding affinities. Finally, we showed that qYY2H could also quantitatively evaluate binding interactions mediated by post-translational modifications on the bait protein.