Small extracellular vesicles (sEVs): discovery, functions, applications, detection methods and various engineered forms

Abstract

SEVs contribute to the pathogenesis of different cancers and the progression of various neurodegenerative diseases, infections, as well as metabolic and cardiovascular diseases. <b>Expert Opinion</b>: There is no exact classification for EVs; however, according to size, density, morphological features, content, and biogenesis, they can be categorized into three major classes: microvesicles (ectosomes or microparticles), apoptotic bodies, and sEVs. SEVs, as an important class of EVs, have a crucial role in distinct biological functions. Moreover, shedding light on different structural and molecular aspects of sEV has led to their application in various therapeutic, diagnostic, and drug delivery fields. In this review, we have endeavored to elaborate on different aspects of EVs, especially sEVs.