Aerial–Ground Cost Tradeoff for Multi-UAV-Enabled Data Collection in Wireless Sensor Networks

Abstract

Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-enabled communication has emerged as an appealing technology for efficient data collection in wireless sensor networks (WSNs). This paper considers a scenario where multiple UAVs collect data from a group of sensor nodes (SNs) on the ground. We study the fundamental tradeoff between the aerial cost, which is defined by the propulsion energy consumption and operation costs of all UAVs, and the ground cost, which is defined as the energy consumption of all SNs. To characterize such a tradeoff, an optimization problem is formulated to minimize the weighted sum of the above two costs, by optimizing the UAV trajectory jointly with wake-up time allocation, as well as the transmit power of all SNs. As the formulated problem is non-convex, it is difficult to be optimally solved in general. To tackle this issue, we decouple it into two sub-problems: UAV trajectory and wake-up time allocation optimization, as well as SN transmit power optimization. We propose an iterative algorithm to solve the two sub-problems by leveraging successive convex approximation and alternating optimization techniques. In addition, a new approach is proposed to design the UAV initial trajectory with multiple travelling salesman problem (MTSP) technique. Simulations are conducted to corroborate our study and show the flexible tradeoff achieved by the proposed design for cost balance between UAVs and SNs.