Screening and Phenotypical Characterization of <i>Schistosoma mansoni</i> Histone Deacetylase 8 (<i>Sm</i>HDAC8) Inhibitors as Multistage Antischistosomal Agents

Abstract

Schistosomiasis (also known as bilharzia) is a neglected tropical disease caused by platyhelminths of the genus <i>Schistosoma</i>. The disease is endemic in tropical and subtropical areas of the world where water is infested by the intermediate parasite host, the snail. More than 800 million people live in endemic areas and more than 200 million are infected and require treatment. Praziquantel (PZQ) is the drug of choice for schistosomiasis treatment and transmission control being safe and very effective against adult worms of all the clinically relevant <i>Schistosoma</i> species. Unfortunately, it is ineffective on immature, juvenile worms; therefore, it does not prevent reinfection. Moreover, the risk of development and spread of drug resistance because of the widespread use of a single drug in such a large population represents a serious threat. Therefore, research aimed at identifying novel drugs to be used alone or in combination with PZQ are needed. <i>Schistosoma mansoni</i> histone deacetylase 8 (<i>Sm</i>HDAC8) is a class I zinc-dependent HDAC, which is abundantly expressed in all stages of its life cycle, thus representing an interesting target for drug discovery. Through virtual screening and phenotypical characterization of selected hits, we discovered two main chemical classes of compounds characterized by the presence of a hydroxamate-based metal binding group coupled to a spiroindoline or a tricyclic thieno[3,2-<i>b</i>]indole core as capping groups. Some of the compounds of both classes were deeply investigated and showed to impair viability of larval, juvenile, and adult schistosomes, to impact egg production <i>in vitro</i> and/or to induce morphological alterations of the adult schistosome reproductive systems. Noteworthy, all of them inhibit the recombinant form of <i>Sm</i>HDAC8 enzyme <i>in vitro</i>. Overall, we identified very interesting scaffolds, paving the way to the development of effective antischistosomal agents.