GPR88 in D1R-Type and D2R-Type Medium Spiny Neurons Differentially Regulates Affective and Motor Behavior

Abstract

The orphan receptor GPR88 is highly expressed in D1 receptor (D1R)- and D2R-medium spiny neurons (MSNs) and has been associated to striatum-dependent functions in rodents. The total deletion of <i>Gpr88</i> in mice was shown to decrease anxiety-like behaviors, increase stereotypies and locomotion, and impair motor coordination and motor learning. Knowing the opposing role of D1R- and D2R-MSNs, we here investigated the respective roles of GPR88 in the two MSN subtypes for these behaviors. To do so, we compared effects of a conditional <i>Gpr88</i> gene knock-out (KO) in D1R-MSNs (D1R-<i>Gpr88</i> mice) or D2R-MSNs (A_2AR-<i>Gpr88</i> mice) with effects of the total <i>Gpr88</i> KO (CMV-<i>Gpr88</i> mice). Overall, most phenotypes of CMV-<i>Gpr88</i> mice were recapitulated in A_2AR-<i>Gpr88</i> mice, including reduced marble burying, increased social interactions, increased locomotor activity and stereotypies in the open field, and reduced motor coordination in the rotarod. Exceptions were the reduced habituation to the open field and reduced motor skill learning, which were observed in CMV-<i>Gpr88</i> and D1R-<i>Gpr88</i> mice, but not in A_2AR-<i>Gpr88</i> mice. D1R-<i>Gpr88</i> mice otherwise showed no other phenotype in this study. Our data together show that GPR88 modulates the function of both D1R- and D2R-MSNs, and that GPR88 activity in these two neuron populations has very different and dissociable impacts on behavior. We suggest that GPR88 in D2R-MSNs shapes defensive and social behavior and contributes in maintaining the inhibition of basal ganglia outputs to control locomotion, stereotypies and motor coordination, while GPR88 in D1R-MSNs promotes novelty habituation and motor learning.