Analysis of Different Hyperspectral Variables for Diagnosing Leaf Nitrogen Accumulation in Wheat

Abstract

Hyperspectral remote sensing is a rapid non-destructive method for diagnosing nitrogen status in wheat crops. In this study, a quantitative correlation was associated with following parameters: leaf nitrogen accumulation (LNA), raw hyperspectral reflectance, first-order differential hyperspectra, and hyperspectral characteristics of wheat. In this study, integrated linear regression of LNA was obtained with raw hyperspectral reflectance (measurement wavelength = 790.4 nm). Furthermore, an exponential regression of LNA was obtained with first-order differential hyperspectra (measurement wavelength = 831.7 nm). Coefficients (<i>R</i>²) were 0.813 and 0.847; root mean squared errors (RMSE) were 2.02 g·m^-2 and 1.72 g·m^-2; and relative errors (RE) were 25.97% and 20.85%, respectively. Both the techniques were considered as optimal in the diagnoses of wheat LNA. Nevertheless, the better one was the new normalized variable <i>(SD</i>_<i>r</i> - <i>SD</i>_<i>b</i><i>)/(SD</i>_<i>r</i> + <i>SD</i>_<i>b</i><i>)</i>, which was based on vegetation indices of R² = 0.935, RMSE = 0.98, and RE = 11.25%. In addition, <i>(SD</i>_<i>r</i> - <i>SD</i>_<i>b</i><i>)/(SD</i>_<i>r</i> + <i>SD</i>_<i>b</i><i>)</i> was reliable in the application of a different cultivar or even wheat grown elsewhere. This indicated a superior fit and better performance for <i>(SD</i>_<i>r</i> - <i>SD</i>_<i>b</i><i>)/(SD</i>_<i>r</i> + <i>SD</i>_<i>b</i><i>)</i>. For diagnosing LNA in wheat, the newly normalized variable <i>(SD</i>_<i>r</i> - <i>SD</i>_<i>b</i><i>)/(SD</i>_<i>r</i> + <i>SD</i>_<i>b</i><i>)</i> was more effective than the previously reported data of raw hyperspectral reflectance, first-order differential hyperspectra, and red-edge parameters.