Ligand-free rutile and anatase TiO₂nanocrystals as electron extraction layers for high performance inverted polymer solar cells

Abstract

Ligand-free rutile and anatase TiO₂nanocrystals were synthesized<italic>via</italic>a hydrolytic sol–gel method. The improved power conversion efficiency was achieved by using anatase TiO₂nanocrystals as electron extraction layer in the organic solar cells.